BackgroundThe poor ocular bioavailability of the conventional eye drops is due to lack of corneal permeability, nasolacrimal drainage and metabolic degradation. To overcome this issue, drug encapsulated in mucoadhesive polymer based ocular microspheres have the advantages of improved drug stability, easy administration in liquid form, diffuse rapidly and better ocular tissue internalization.MethodsThe ganciclovir chitosan microspheres (GCM) were prepared by modified water-in-oil emulsification method. The formulation was optimized and characterized by investigating in vitro release study, release kinetics, XRD and microspheres stability. Ocular irritancy, in vivo ocular pharmacokinetic parameters and histopathology study was evaluated in Wistar rats. The use of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic indices and simulation process was carried out to further ensure clinical applicability of the formulation.ResultsThe in vitro release study showed initial burst (nearly 50 %) in first few minutes and followed Fickian (R2 = 0.9234, n-value = 0.2329) type of diffusion release mechanism. The XRD and stability studies showed favorable results. The Wistar rat eyes treated with GCM showed significant increase in ganciclovir AUC (~4.99-fold) and Cmax (2.69-fold) in aqueous humor compared to ganciclovir solution and delay in Tmax. The Cmax/MIC90, AUC0–24/MIC90, AUC above MIC90 and T above MIC90 were significantly higher in GCM group. The aqueous humor concentration-time profile of ganciclovir in GCM and ganciclovir solution was simulated with every 28.1 and 12.8 h, respectively. The simulated concentration-time profile shows that in duration of 75 h, the ganciclovir solution require six ocular instillations compared to three ocular instillations of the GCM formulation. The photomicrograph of GCM and ganciclovir solution treated rat retina showed normal organization and cytoarchitecture.ConclusionsCorrelating with in vitro data, the formulation showed sustained drug release along with improved intraocular bioavailability of ganciclovir in Wistar rats.

Objective: A simple, rapid and validated liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of three novel Gliptins namely Vildagliptin (VLD), Sitagliptin (SIT) and Linagliptin (LIN) in their binary mixture with Metformin (MET). Methodology: The separation was performed on fast monolithic column using isocratic, mobile phase consisting of mixture of sodium dihydrogen phosphate, Sodium dedosyl sulphate and acetonitrile. The flow rate was 2.5 mL/min and UV detection for MET, VLD and SIT was conducted at 208 nm, whereas, that of MET and LIN was at 228 nm. The incipiently developed method was subjected for validation according to ICH guidelines. Results: The calibration curves of analytes showed good correlation (r2>0.999) over a concentration range 10-100 μg/mL and 50-400 μg/mL for Metformin, 1-10 μg/mL for Vildagliptin & Sitagliptin and 0.25-2.0 μg/mL for Linigliptin. Conclusion: All three tablet formulations were assayed with accuracy and precision and without interference from excipients. The method is also stability indicating with respect to Linagliptin.

BackgroundFollowing administration, the antibiotic travels freely through the body and also accumulates in other parts apart from the infection site. High dosage and repeated ingestion of antibiotics in the treatment of pneumonia leads to undesirable effects and inappropriate disposition of the drug. By way of targeted lung delivery, this study was intended to eliminate inappropriate azithromycin disposition and to achieve higher azithromycin concentration to treat deeper airway infections.MethodsThe Azithromycin Albumin Microspheres (AAM) was prepared by emulsion polymerization technique. The optimized AAM was subjected to in vitro release study, release kinetics, XRD and stability studies. Further, in vivo pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of azithromycin released from AAM and azithromycin solution in albino mice was investigated to prove suitability of moving forward the next steps in the clinic.ResultsThe mean particle size of the optimized AAM was 10.02 μm, an optimal size to get deposited in the lungs by mechanical entrapment. The maximum encapsulation efficiency of 82.3 % was observed in this study. The release kinetic was significant and best fitted for Korsmeyer-Peppas model (R2 = 0.9962, n = 0.41). The XRD and stability study showed favorable results. Azithromycin concentration in mice lungs (40.62 μg g−1, 30 min) of AAM was appreciably higher than other tissues and plasma. In comparison with control, azithromycin concentration in lungs was 30.15 μg g−1 after 30 min. The azithromycin AUC (929.94 μg h mL−1) and intake rate (re) (8.88) for lung were higher and statistically significant in AAM group. Compared with spleen and liver, the targeting efficacy (te) in mice lung increased by a factor of 40.15 and ~14.10 respectively. Subsequently by a factor of 8.94, the ratio of peak concentration (Ce) in lung was higher in AAM treated mice. The AAM lung tissue histopathology did not show any degenerative changes.ConclusionsHigh azithromycin concentration in albino mice lung was adequately achieved by targeted drug delivery.

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Objective: The objective of the proposed method was to develop a simple, fast, sensitive, and validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of metformin and vildagliptin in tablets and human plasma. Materials and Methods: The chromatographic separation was accomplished with a fast monolithic column using a mixture of sodium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium dodecyl sulfate and acetonitrile at pH 4.5 as the mobile phase. In addition, newly developed method was validated as indicated by International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Results: The method showed good correlation coeffi cients (r ≥ 0.997) in the range of 0.05-20 μg/mL and 0.1-40 μg/mL for metformin and vildagliptin, respectively. The accuracy and intraday and interday precision results were within the acceptable range for both analytes. The mean extraction recoveries of metformin and vildagliptin from human plasma were 97.51% and 97.18%, respectively. Conclusion: The simple, rapid, sensitive, robust and validated analytical method developed was used for simultaneous estimation of metformin and vildagliptin in formulation and in patient plasma.