Background and Aim: Egg yolk (EY) is commonly used as an extracellular cryoprotectant in semen diluents but has some negative effects. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the potential of lecithin derived from plants, such as soybeans, as an alternative extracellular cryoprotectant and to characterize liquid semen quality of Ongole crossbred bulls using a modified caudal epididymis plasma-3 [CEP-3 (m)] as a base diluent and aqueous soybean extract (ASE). Materials and Methods: A bull with progressive motility (PM) of fresh semen >70% was used. Two soybean extracts were also used, namely, ASE 1 and ASE 2, obtained by extraction procedures 1 and 2, respectively. The study was conducted using an experimental design with 11 treatments and ten replications, with diluents comprising different levels of ASE 1 and ASE 2, as well as a positive control with 10% EY. The parameters measured were motility (M) and its kinetic parameters, including PM, M, velocity curve linear, velocity straight linear, velocity average pathway, linearity, straightness, wobble, amplitude lateral head beat cross frequency, and hyperactivity using computer-assisted sperm analysis, viability, and spermatozoa abnormalities. Results: The CEP-3(m) diluent formula and ASE 1 at a 30% level maintained the PM of spermatozoa up to day 5 (40.7% ± 16.1%) of cold storage. Meanwhile, the CEP-3(m) diluent formula and ASE 2 could only maintain PM >40% until day 3 (42.1% ± 13.5%) of cold storage at a 30% level. The CEP-3(m) diluent and ASE 1 at a level of 25%–30% supported spermatozoa life (viability) up to day 5 with a value >80% (81.8 ± 3.5; 86.4 ± 2.6). The abnormality value of spermatozoa in various diluents during cold storage on days 0–5 was below 20%. Conclusion: Soybean extracts 1 and 2 can substitute EYs as extracellular cryoprotectants in modified CEP-3 basic diluents. Soybean extract 1 can support the life of spermatozoa up to day 5 but may cause the viscosity and movement of spermatozoa to be hyperactive. Soybean extract 2 can support the life of spermatozoa up to the 3rd day of cold storage and produces progressive (non-rotating) movement patterns. Further, research is recommended with higher levels of extract 2. Keywords: aqueous soybean extract, liquid semen, Ongole crossbred cattle.

Lissahatina Fulica shell waste contains chitosan with the potential for antioxidants and hypercholesterolemia. This study, therefore, reports on the analysis of molecular characterization, antioxidant assay, and acute lethal dose 50 (LD50) toxicity in Lissahatina Fulica shell waste chitosan rats using the hot plate magnetic stirrer technique. Chitosan was performed to analyze water content, protein, functional groups, molecular weight, particle size, morphology, antioxidants, and acute toxicity test. The researchers found that the hot plate magnetic stirrer treatment affected the water content, molecular weight, particle size, morphology, antioxidant, and non-toxicity. In Lissahatina Fulica shell waste chitosan, the water content was 0.345%, the protein content was 1.87%, the molecular weight was 2.297 kDa, the deacetylation degree value was 92.37%, and the particle size was 59 µm. Surface roughness had an Rp value of 249, Rv value of 0, Ra value of 81.5, Rq value of 97.8, and IC50 value of 2.35 µg/mL. In addition, the chitosan dose of 3000mg/kg BW did not cause death in the sample rats. In conclusion, chitosan from Lissahatina Fulica shell waste has the potential to be developed in the pharmaceutical industry for further development.

Context: The increase in reactive oxygen species production in hypercholesterolemia can degrade polyunsaturated fatty acids and form malondialdehyde (MDA). There is a need for a natural alternative treatment, such as Lissachatina fulica chitosan. Aims: To analyze the potential of Lissachatina fulica chitosan in increasing the superoxide dismutase (SOD) level, reducing lipid profile, and MDA level of male Wistar rats with hypercholesterolemia model. Methods: The male Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n = 4): P0 (normal control); P1-P5 fed a high-fat diet for four weeks. P1 were treated with fed with a high-fat diet; P2 were treated with ezetimibe of 0.18 mg/200 g BW; P3, P4, and P5 Groups; fed with a high-fat diet and Lissachatina fulica chitosan of 100 mg, 200 mg, and 300 mg/200g BW, respectively. The lipid profile was conducted in rat blood samples by using the CHOP-PAP method, the MDA analysis using the TBARS test, and SOD assay analysis using a kit. Results: The results reveal that the treatment Lissachatina fulica chitosan (300 mg/200 g BW) was significantly effective (p<0.05) to decrease in total cholesterol level (96.7 ± 1.9 mg/dL), triglyceride (75.6 ± 1.6 mg/dL), LDL (29.8 ± 2.5 mg/dL), and MDA (1.2 ± 0.1 nmol/mL) as well as a significant increase (p<0.05) in HDL level (75.0 ± 1.7 mg/dL) and SOD (74.6 ± 2.1 unit/mL). Conclusions: Lissachatina fulica chitosan can reduce total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and MDA, and increase HDL and SOD levels.

Snails are often found in Indonesia, especially at Kediri, but the snail shell has no commercial value. This research report describes the characterization and antioxidant activity of chitosan from snail shell waste (chitosan-SSW) by ultrasonic technique and analyzes the potential of chitosan as an inhibitor of receptors of free radicals using an in silico molecular docking method. Characterization of chitosan-SSW was performed to analyze the content of water, protein, and functional groups as well as molecular weight, particle size, mor-phology, antioxidant activity, and in silico molecular docking. We found that chitosan-SSW with ultrasonic treatment had a high degree of deacetylation (DD) and high molecular weight (MW). The characteristic of chitosan-SSW was found to be as follows: water content of 0.43 %, protein content of 1.59 %, molecular weight of 2.198 kDa, and deacetylation degree value of 79.50 %. Importantly, chitosan-SSW had high antioxidant activity to potentially reduce free radical of DPPH with IC50 value of 2.44 µg/mL. Chitosan is predicted to have the potential as an inhibitor of lipoxygenase, CYP2C9, and NADPH-oxidase.