Surgery that causes severe pain physiological response as compared to a normal delivery was called sectio caesarea. The alternative to reduce pain with bitter orange aroma therapy. Bitter orange aroma therapy is to give the effect of reducing the muscle tensions and stress the body as a whole with the goal of keeping the body and mind into a relaxed. This research was aimed to explore the effectiveness of bitter orange aroma therapy for reduction pain in post partum sectio caesarea. The method used this research was quasi experimental with pre test and post test design with control group. The instruments used numeric rating scale to measure pain intensity. The sampling technique used purposive sampling where the quantity of research sample 34 respondents which are divided into 2 groups, namely intervention group and control group. bitter orange aroma therapy carried out for 15 minutes each day for 2 days. The univariate analysis was conducted to show pain distribution and bivariate analysis was conducted by Wicoxon and Mann Whitney. The result show that after bitter orange aroma therapy was applied towards intervered group, it was obtained that mean of respondents category pain was reducing at 3,44 (low pain) with the reduction was 1,47 and mean of post partum sectio caesarea pain without given bitter orange aroma therapy in control group was 4,82 (moderate pain) with the reduction was 0. The statistic showed up p value (0,000)< 0,05 which mean that kneading techniques effective to reduce pain of post partum sectio caesarea. Based on the result, bitter orange aroma therapy can be recommended as nursing intervention of post partum sectio caesarea.

Rampan karies adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk mengambarkan suatu keadaan sebagian besar atau semua gigi susu yang mengalami kerusakan (karies) secara luas dan berkembang dengan cepat. Pada umumnya, susu botol diberikan pada balita sepanjang hari mulai dari anak bermain sampai tidur. Tindakan ini adalah penyebab utama terjadinya rampan karies. Karies yang mengenai anak usia balita sangat sering ditemukan dimana hampir separuhnya adalah karies rampan. Karies rampan dapat menimbulkan berbagai masalah pada anak. Pada anak dengan karies rampan seringkali ditemukan keluhan seperti anak merasa sakit dan rewel. Banyak faktor penyebab terjadinya karies rampan namun yang paling utama adalah kurangnya kebersihan gigi dan mulut, seringnya konsumsi sukrosa, kebiasaan mengisap dot yang berisi gula terutama menjelang tidur malam, struktur gigi yang kurang baik, serta adanya aktivitas bakteri karies yang tinggi. Karies rampan harus segera dirawat untuk menghilangkan keluhan dan faktor penyebab utama serta dilakukan pencegahan agar kesehatan gigi dan mulut tetap terjaga. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui prevalensi karies rampan pada anak usia balita di taman kanak-kanak kota Padang. Jenis penelitian adalah deskriptif observasional dengan menggunakan metode survei. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 386 orang. Teknik pengambilan sampel secara stratified random sampling. Analisis data secara manual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi karies rampan pada anak usia balita di taman kanak-kanak Kota Padang adalah sebesar 35%, karies bukan rampan 51%, dan bebas karies 14%. Simpulan penelitian adalah prevalensi karies rampan di taman kanak-kanak Kota Padang adalah tinggi. Karies gigi pada anak balita masih tinggi mencapai angka 86%, dimana angka tertinggi adalah karies bukan rampan, kemudian karies rampan.

The high rate of drop out is still a problem in the distance learning system, including at the Universitas Terbuka (UT). At UT, the term dropout is better known as the status of non-active students. The study aims was to determine the median time and determinant of non-active student in distance learning in Indonesia. This study used a cohort analysis in student of biology department who first registered in 2012 to 2014. The median time of non-active students was identified by the Kaplan-Meier analysis and the determinant of non-active student was analyzed by Cox proportional hazard model. The percentage of non-active students in this study reached 42%, with half of the students becoming non-active in the first two semesters. Students who have a greater risk of becoming non-active are those who are >45 years old, women, employed, recent education is not relevant to the field of biology, knowledge of the concept of distance learning and laboratory practice is lacking, has never participated in online tutorials and face-to-face tutorials, and is not satisfied existing academic services. The optimization of the provision and quality of preferred learning services at the beginning of the semester will be able to avoid higher-risk of non-active students.

Indonesia has the third highest number of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) and the greatest increase in proportion of AIDS-related mortality in the Asia Pacific region between 2005 and 2013. Longitudinal mortality data among PLWH in Indonesia are limited. We conducted a retrospective cohort study from medical records of antiretroviral treatment (ART) recipients attending Badung General Hospital (BGH) and Bali Medica Clinic (BMC) between 2006 and 2014. We explored incidence of mortality by Kaplan-Meier analysis and identified predictors using a Cox proportional hazard model. In total, 575 patients were included in the analysis; the majority were male. The overall mortality rate was 10% per year. Multivariate analysis suggested that being male (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 2.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.34-5.59), having a lower education (aHR: 2.17; 95%CI: 1.31-3.61), having heterosexual (aHR: 7.40; 95% CI: 2.61-21.00) or injecting drug use (aHR: 13.20; 95% CI: 3.17-55.00) as the likely transmission risk category, starting treatment with low CD4 cell counts (aHR: 3.18; 95% CI: 1.16-8.69), and not having a treatment supervisor (aHR: 4.02; 95% CI: 2.44-6.65) were independent predictors of mortality. The mortality was high, particularly in the first three months after initiating ART. These findings highlight the need to encourage HIV testing and early diagnosis and prompt treatment. Applying aspects of BMCs targeted HIV services model in more generalised services such as BGH may be beneficial. Providing adherence support as part of ART services is key to promoting adherence to ART.

Karies gigi anak merupakan masalah utama di negara-negara sedang berkembang. Prevalensi karies gigi anak usia 3-6 tahun di Kota Yogyakarta mencapai 84,1%. Karies gigi merupakan multifactorial desease, antara lain faktor host, agent dan lingkungan mulut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan pH saliva, plak gigi, frekuensi menyikat gigi dengan status karies gigi anak usia prasekolah. Jenis penelitian ini adalah observasional dengan case control study.Subyek penelitian adalah 80 anak-anak usia 4-6 tahun di TK wilayah Kabupaten Sleman. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling. Status karies gigi diukur menggunakan indeks def-s, plak gigi diukur menggunakan indeks PHP-M dan pH saliva diukur menggunakan pH digital meter, serta frekuensi menyikat gigi diukur menggunakan kuesioner. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah logistic regression. Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa plak gigi berhubungan dengan status karies gigi dengan OR = 4,3 dan p = 0,015, pH saliva dengan OR = 6,2 dan p = 0,002 dan frekuensi menyikat gigi dengan OR = 6,5 dan p = 0,002. Plak gigi, pH saliva dan frekuensi menyikat gigi merupakan faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan status karies gigi anak usia prasekolah. Frekuensi menyikat gigi merupakan faktor risiko yang paling berperan dalam kejadian karies gigi anak usia prasekolah.