Non-enzymatic free radical mediated oxidation of biological molecules, membranes and tissues is associated with a variety of pathological events such as cancer, aging and diabetes mellitus. [1] Increased oxidative stress is seen in both types of diabetes mellitus namely type 1 and type 2, irrespective of duration, complications and treatment. In diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress seems primarily due to both an increased plasma free radical concentration and a sharp decline in antioxidant defences. [1] Among the causes of enhanced free radical production, hyperglycemia and hyper insulinemia seem to play a major role, [2,3] Hyperglycemia is the more easily modifiable factor among the two and good glycemic control can reduce the oxidative stress. Controversy persists regarding the other possible mechanisms of increased oxidative stress in diabetes and whether oxidative stress normalizes with adequate metabolic control alone. The role of oxidative stress and diabetic complications has been extensively investigated. Oxidative stress has been suggested to be involved in the genesis of both macro and micro angiopathy [4,5] Prospective trials are now underway addressing the controversial issues of possible role of pharmacological antioxidants in preventing or at least delaying the onset of diabetic complications.

BACKGROUNDDiabetic Retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and is the leading cause of blindness in working age adults of patients with type 1 and 2 DM. Large observational and randomised studies shown that optimal blood glucose and blood pressure control halt or regress the disease and limit the risk of progression to the proliferative stage and visual loss. Recently, evidence has also emerged that Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) inhibitors may electively prevent or delay progression of retinopathy by acting on local RAS. Thus, metabolic and blood pressure control by RAS inhibition is to prevent or limit the onset of retinopathy and its progression towards visual-threatening stages.The aim of the study is to categorise and analyse grading of DR who are on currently ACE and ARBs unchanged for at least 2 years.

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The drugs morphine and gabapentin were tested upon the albino rats using two experimental methods-thermally and chemically induced pain (acute pain models). A brief review of literature on pain, its modulation mechanisms, classification of analgesics and their description, review of drugs used in this study and various methods of evaluation of analgesics has been described. This study evaluated and obtained results with morphine and Gabapentin individually and their combined effect, and compared their analgesic effects with the standard drug morphine. It was observed that the Gabapentin enhanced the analgesic effect of Morphine in the acute pain models. Gabapentin a well-tolerated novel antiepileptic with ant nociceptive effects and with a known safety profile could be considered as co adjuvant with Morphine in acute severe pain. However, this study gives an idea that by combining gabapentin with morphine, it might be possible to reduce the dose of Morphine to overcome its drug tolerance, dependence and respiratory depression, as both these drugs act through different pain modulating mechanisms. Further studies are needed to interpret the additive or synergistic effect of this combination.