Selective leaching of Li from spent LIBs thermally pretreated by pyrolysis and incineration between 400 and 700 °C for 30, 60, and 90 min followed by water leaching at high temperature and high L/S ratio was examined. During the thermal pretreatment Li2CO3 and LiF were leached. Along with Li salts, AlF3 was also found to be leached with an efficiency not higher than 3.5%. The time of thermal pretreatment did not have a significant effect on Li leaching efficiency. The leaching efficiency of Li was higher with a higher L/S ratio. At a higher leaching temperature (80 °C), the leaching of Li was higher due to an increase in the solubility of present Li salts. The highest Li leaching efficiency of nearly 60% was observed from the sample pyrolyzed at 700 °C for 60 min under the leaching condition L/S ratio of 20:1 mL g−1 at 80 °C for 3 h. Furthermore, the use of an excess of 10% of carbon in a form of graphite during the thermal treatment did not improve the leaching efficiency of Li.

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Increasingly stringent emissions regulations and environmental concerns have caused interest in the development of alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Recently biobutanol, bioethanol and biodiesel emerged as an alternative fuel due to their oxygenated nature. This paper investigates the physical stability of ethanol-diesel blends using Cottonseed oil methyl esters diesel emulsifier as additives, subsequently analysis of physio-chemical properties. Furthermore, experimental tests were carried out to study the performance (fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, power, exhaust gas temperature) and emissions (CO, NOx, HC and Smoke) of Direct Injection (DI) engine fuelled with the various blends compared with those fuelled by diesel. The blends used for this study were D50B50, D60B30E10, D60B20E15DEE5 And D40B40E10DEE10.