Biofertilizers may be a better eco-friendly option to maintain soil fertility. The study was conducted to investigate the effect of Azotobacter and Trichoderma on the vegetative growth of maize (Zea mays L.) plants. The experiment was carried out in medium sized pots, at IAAS, Lamjung (Feb 2017 -May 2017 in completely randomized design (CRD), consisting eight treatments and three replications. Treatments were namely T1 (control), T2 (Azotobacter), T3 (Trichoderma), T4 (Azotobacter + Trichoderma), T5 (NPK), T6 (Azotobacter + Trichoderma + FYM), T7 (Azotobacter + Trichoderma + FYM + NPK), T8 (FYM). Azotobacter showed a positive increase in plant height, stem girth, dry shoot weight, root length and width, and root weight while Trichoderma displayed either negative or minimal impact. Effect of FYM was lower than Azotobacter but considerably higher than Trichoderma. Trichoderma seriously inhibited the expression of Azotobacter when used together. Trichoderma even suppressed the outcome (except shoot weight) of FYM when used together. Root length was the longest in Azotobacter inoculation. The highest number of leaves was in T7 followed by Azotobacter (T2) and NPK (T5). Unlike leaf width, Azotobacter showed a negligible increase in leaves length while Trichoderma wherever present showed the negative impact. Minimum chlorophyll content was found in Azotobacter or Trichoderma after 73 days. Azotobacter treatment showed early tasseling than Trichoderma. The association of Azotobacter and Trichoderma increased the biomass. Azotobacter has significant effects on growth parameters of maize and can supplement chemical fertilizer, while Trichoderma was found to inhibit most of the growth parameters.
Introductions: It is important to maintain trust and satisfaction among patients. The health personnel take an important role to overcome their right. The objective of this study was to find out knowledge and attitude regarding patients' rights among nurses in Teaching Hospital. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among 122 nurses in different wards of Teaching Hospital. Nurses were selected by using simple random sampling technique for data collection. Ethical clearance was taken from Chitwan Medical College institutional reviewers Committee (CMC-IRC) to conduct the study. A structured, self- administered questionnaire and five-point Likert scale were used to analyze the collected data. Data was collected from 27th Ashadh to 9th Shrawan 2075. Results: This study revealed that out of 122 respondents, 30 (24.6%) of respondents have an adequate level of knowledge whereas about half 62 (50.8%) of respondents had favorable and 60 (49.2%) had an unfavorable level of attitude regarding patients right. Sixty-one (50%) of the nurses were from the age group <22 years, 27 (77.9%) were unmarried, about 93 (76.2%) of nurses had completed Proficiency Certificate Level Nursing, 101 (82.2%) had work experience less than 24 months. Conclusions: According to the study, it concluded that one-fourth of the respondents have an adequate level of knowledge, one-half of the respondents had a favorable attitude. Therefore, knowledge and attitude regarding patients' rights should be increase through in-service education and seminars should be organized by the administration to promote quality health care service.
Background: Low back pain is one of the common musculoskeletal health problems that occur most commonly in nurses among all Health workers. Different researches showed that nurses are suffering from low back pain due to many factors. This research was conducted to find the prevalence and contributing factors of low back pain among nurses. Method: The descriptive cross-sectional study was done among 110 nurses by using stratified proportionate random sampling method. Semi structured self-administered questionnaire with single and multiple responses was administered among nurses after taking informed consent. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) 20 was used for analysis of data. Descriptive statistic (percentage and frequency) and inferential statistic (chi square) was used for the study. Result: Among 110 nurses, 64.5% were affected from low back pain and prevalence of low back pain of one year and one week was 60% and 20% respectively. The present working area was strongly associated with low back pain (p=0.000). Prolong standing (64.54%), bending and twisting (64.54%), heavy workload (62.72%), working in same positions (58.18%) were perceived factors of low back pain but heavy mental workload had no relationship with low back pain. Taking rest (99.1%), physiotherapy (92.7%) and taking medication (82.7%) were the factors that decreased low back pain. There was increased work restriction (46.4) and less productive and creative (42.7) due to low back pain. Conclusion: More than half of nurses were affected from low back pain. Prolonged standing, physical workload, bending and twisting were main contributing factors. Therefore, it is recommended to maintain proper body mechanics, periodic screening and timely rotation of nurses for the prevention of low back pain.
Introduction: COVID-19 has a wide spectrum of clinical presentation ranging from asymptomatic infection to acute respiratory distress syndrome and multi organ dysfunction. Data regarding this is scarce in our setting. This study aims to study the prevalence of fever in confirmed COVID-19 cases in a tertiary care hospital of western Nepal. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study among patients admitted to COVID-19 wards and intensive care units of a tertiary care hospital. We enrolled patients from August 2020 to January 2021 and the study proposal was approved by the Institutional Review Committee (reference number: 069/20). Convenience sampling method was used. Data entry and descriptive analysis were done in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16.0. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and descriptive statistics. Results: Among 206 cases of COVID-19, the most common symptom was fever 136 (66.1%) (95% Confidence Interval= 58.14.63-74.05). Sixty-seven (49.3%) of those with fever required intensive care units admission whereas 27 (19.9%) of patients with fever had mortality. Most common comorbidities in the patient having fever is Diabetes mellitus 41 (66.1%) followed by hypertension 20 (62.5%). Conclusions: Fever was the most common presenting complaint with high prevalence as compared to similar studies done in similar settings. We stress the importance of considering the presence of COVID-19 even in the absence of fever as many patients presented without fever.
To evaluate the association between components of metabolic syndrome (MS) and lipoprotein cholesterol (C) distribution in Mexican‐American adults, the distribution of C in LDL and HDL subfractions and the presence of MS were assessed in 72 healthy participants (25 male, 47 female; age=37±9 y; BMI=28.9±5.3 kg/m2; fasting glucose[FG]=94±14 mg/dL; total‐C=181±36 mg/dL; LDL‐C=115±31 mg/dL; HDL‐C=43±11 mg/dL; triglycerides [TG]=114±61 mg/dL). Participants with MS had smaller LDL particles (267±3Å vs. 271±3Å; p<0.0001) and 2.8 times more C in smaller LDL particles (p=0.001) than those without MS. The number of MS components was inversely correlated with LDL particle size (r=−0.322, p=0.006) and the percentage of HDL‐C in large HDL particles (r=−0.518, p<0.001), and positively correlated with the percentage of total‐C in small LDL particles (r=−0.298, p=0.011). Participants with TG>150mg/dL had smaller LDL particles (266±3Å vs. 271±2Å; p<0.001), less HDL‐C in large HDL particles (15±4% vs. 24±7%; p<0.001), and more HDL‐C in small HDL particles (29±6% vs. 20±7%; p<0.001) than those with normal TG. Participants with elevated waist circumference had 20% less HDL‐C in large HDL particles (20±5% vs. 24±8%; p=0.012). These data suggest that of the components of the MS, elevated TG may be a greater contributor to having a more atherogenic lipoprotein profile among Mexican Americans. Funded by Arizona State University.
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