ABSTRAK ABSTRACTAnkle injuries are commonly seen in various sports. The main aim of the present review was to highlight the normal anatomy of the ankle, mechanism of injuries related to sports, congenital abnormalities or anatomical variations related to ankle injury and discuss its effective management. A review of literature was done to determine the ankle injuries which occur as a result of various sports related activities. We documented all sports which involved injury to the ankle joint. The anatomy of various structures in the sole of foot and their involvement in injuries were discussed at length. The anatomical knowledge of ankle injury may be beneficial for future diagnosis and treatment purpose.

ABSTRAKMenopaus merupakan pemberhentian pendarahan haid, ia secara langsung berkaitan dengan penyakit kardiovaskular (CVD) seperti tekanan darah tinggi dan strok. Pengurangan estrogen dan pengambilan diet berkolesterol tinggi mempunyai kesan yang menjejaskan fungsi kardiovaskular dan metabolisma pada wanita. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan model tikus hipertensi dalam tikus Sprague-Dawley terovariektomi yang diberi makan dengan 2% diet kolesterol dalam tempoh jangka pendek. Lapan belas tikus Sprague-Dawley dibahagikan secara rawak kepada tiga kumpulan iaitu kumpulan kawalan Sham (sham), kumpulan kawalan terovariektomi diberi diet normal (Ovx + N), tikus terovariektomi diberi diet kolesterol 2% (Ovx + Cho) selama empat minggu. Pada akhir kajian, pengambilan makanan dan berat badan diukur. Tekanan darah sistolik, diastolik dan tekanan min darah ditentukan. OVX + Cho menunjukkan peningkatan yang ketara dalam perubahan fisiologi seperti berat badan dan pengambilan makanan berbanding dengan kumpulan Ovx + N. Peningkatan yang ketara dalam tekanan darah sistolik, diastolik dan tekanan min darah diperhatikan dalam kumpulan Ovx + Cho. Berdasarkan hasil kajian di atas, dipercayai bahawa makanan berkolesterol selama empat minggu (jangka pendek) menyebabkan peningkatan ketara dalam tekanan darah, pengambilan makanan dan berat badan dalam tikus terovariektomi.Kata kunci: tekanan darah, berat badan, kolesterol, diet, terovariektomi, tikus ABSTRACT Menopause, a cessation of menstrual bleeding, is directly related to serious illness confined to cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as hypertension and 172 & Health 2016;11(2): 171-180 Kumeshini S. et al. diabetes, hypertension, heart diseases, osteoporosis and breast cancer (Bray 2003). Several experimental studies used ovariectomised rats as a menopausal model for the tentative researches (Leong et al. 2015). High Blood Pressure is defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) greater than 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than 90 mmHg (Bray 2003). Increase in the blood pressure is the most common symptom in the CVD and is a main source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Approximately, 90-95% cases of hypertension are idiopathic. It is a complex, multifactorial disorder, including genetic and lifestyle modifications (Leong et al. 2015). Based on the epidemiological surveys, several factors are linked with an increase in the blood pressure and these include age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, emotional disturbances, nutrition, stroke. The oestrogen withdrawal and consumption of high cholesterol diet has a detrimental effect on cardiovascular function and metabolism in menopausal women. The present study was aimed to develop the hypertensive rat model in the ovariectomised Sprague Dawley rats fed with 2% cholesterol diet following a short term period. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups; Sham control (sham), ovariectomized control fed with normal diet (Ovx +N), ovariectomized rats fed with 2% cholesterol diet (Ovx + Ch...