Tomographic breast imaging techniques can potentially improve detection and diagnosis of cancer in women with radiodense and/or fibrocystic breasts. We have developed a high-resolution positron emission mammography/tomography imaging and biopsy device (called PEM/PET) to detect and guide the biopsy of suspicious breast lesions. PET images are acquired to detect suspicious focal uptake of the radiotracer and guide biopsy of the area. Limited-angle PEM images could then be used to verify the biopsy needle position prior to tissue sampling. The PEM/PET scanner consists of two sets of rotating planar detector heads. Each detector consists of a 4 x 3 array of Hamamatsu H8500 flat panel position sensitive photomultipliers (PSPMTs) coupled to a 96 x 72 array of 2 x 2 x 15 mm(3) LYSO detector elements (pitch = 2.1 mm). Image reconstruction is performed with a three-dimensional, ordered set expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithm parallelized to run on a multi-processor computer system. The reconstructed field of view (FOV) is 15 x 15 x 15 cm(3). Initial phantom-based testing of the device is focusing upon its PET imaging capabilities. Specifically, spatial resolution and detection sensitivity were assessed. The results from these measurements yielded a spatial resolution at the center of the FOV of 2.01 +/- 0.09 mm (radial), 2.04 +/- 0.08 mm (tangential) and 1.84 +/- 0.07 mm (axial). At a radius of 7 cm from the center of the scanner, the results were 2.11 +/- 0.08 mm (radial), 2.16 +/- 0.07 mm (tangential) and 1.87 +/- 0.08 mm (axial). Maximum system detection sensitivity of the scanner is 488.9 kcps microCi(-1) ml(-1) (6.88%). These promising findings indicate that PEM/PET may be an effective system for the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer.

AimTo determine choroidal thickness in healthy Indian subjects using Swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT).MethodsIn this prospective, observational, cross-sectional study; healthy Indian subjects (n = 230) with no history of ocular and/or systemic disorders were enrolled in the study. Choroidal thickness was measured for 230 eyes using SS-OCT. Subjects were divided into six age groups. Main outcome measures were subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and macular choroidal thickness (MCT) up to 3 mm at 500-micron interval from the fovea was measured in eight different quadrants.ResultsThe mean SFCT was 307±79 μm and mean MCT was 285±75 μm. No difference in the choroidal thickness was found among genders. Mean SFCT of the different age groups was 327±68 μm (12–18 years), 364±70 μm (18.1–30 years), 321±78 μm (30.1–40 years), 304±79 μm (40.1–50 years), 283±69 μm (50.1–60 years) and 262±72μm (above 60 years; p <0.001; One way ANOVA). Mean macular choroidal thickness was 305±60 μm, 342±61 μm, 306±72 μm, 282±79 μm, 261±66 μm, 238±68μm respectively (p<0.001; one way ANOVA). A significant weak negative correlation was found between age with SFCT (r = -0.368, p<0.001) and MCT (r = -0.40, p<0.001). No significant correlation was found with refractive error, axial length and ocular perfusion pressure.ConclusionThis study showed that mean SFCT and MCT was 307±79μm and 285±75 μm, respectively, among healthy Indian subjects. Mean CT was found to decrease with age, although there was no difference in CT between genders.

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Purpose: To report a rare case series of 14 patients of the Marcus-Gunn jaw-winking phenomenon (MGJWP) without ptosis. Methods: This was a retrospective noninterventional case series. The medical records of all patients diagnosed with MGJWP over the past 10 years were retrieved. Patients with documented evidence of absence of ptosis were segregated and analyzed for visual acuity, the severity of Marcus-Gunn, the presence of squint and amblyopia, and the presence of other aberrant regenerations. Results: A total of 207 patients were diagnosed with MGJWP, out of which 14 (6.76%) patients had isolated MGJWP without blepharoptosis. The mean age of presentation was 9.5 years and males and females were equally affected. The left eye was involved more commonly (57.2%) than the right eye. Twelve patients were congenital and two were presumed to be of traumatic origin. The most common refractive error in this cohort was astigmatism (10, 71.42%), followed by hyperopia (5, 35.71%). One patient had anisometropic amblyopia. Marcus-Gunn was found to be mild (≤2 mm of lid excursion) in all cases. None of the patients had strabismus or any other aberrant innervations. None of the patients underwent surgery and did not develop ptosis or worsening or improvement of Marcus-Gunn after a mean follow-up period of 2.3 years. Conclusion: Isolated MGJWP in the absence of ptosis is a very rare entity and this is the largest series to date to report such an occurrence. All patients had a mild form of MGJWP with no intervention required in any of the cases.