Expert airway management is the most essential requirement of an anesthesiologist. Difficult and failed intubation is the leading causes of anesthetic related morbidity and mortality. AIM OF STUDY: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of McCoy laryngoscope and McGrath video laryngoscope in tracheal intubation in patients using Manual in-line stabilization (MILS) for cervical spine injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh on 60 patients aged 20-70, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-III, posted for elective surgery for cervical spine injury under general anesthesia. The patients were assigned to two groups. One group was named as MC where McCoy laryngoscope was used, other group named as MG, where McGrath video laryngoscope was used for laryngoscopy during tracheal intubation. Two groups were compared on the basis of demographic data, airway examination, comparison of visualization of vocal cords with McCoy laryngoscope and video laryngoscope and comparison of laryngoscope time. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between male and female sex. Most of the patients falls into Mallampati score I (60%), followed by score II and III (25 and 14% respectively). Statistically highly significant improvement in laryngoscope view was noted with video laryngoscope than with McCoy laryngoscope with Chi-square value=49.52; DF=10; p-value=0.000(highly significant). Statistically highly significant difference was seen in effective laryngoscopy time of McCoy and Video laryngoscope. CONCLUSION: We conclude McGrath video laryngoscope is superior to McCoy laryngoscope in terms of providing better intubating conditions in patients requiring MILS, though there is a little prolongation of effective laryngoscope time. KEY WORDS: McCoy Laryngoscope-McGrath video laryngoscope-Cervical spine injury-MILS-Manual inline stabilization-Intubation time-Cormack and Lehane classification. INTRODUCTION: Expert airway management is the most essential requirement of an anesthesiologist. Difficult and failed intubations are the leading causes of anesthetic related morbidity and mortality. AIM OF STUDY: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of McCoy laryngoscope and McGrath video laryngoscope in tracheal intubation in patients using Manual inline stabilization (MILS) for cervical spine injury. (1)

Introduction: Cerebral palsy affects 2 -3 per 1000 live children. It is a group of movement and postural disorders due to non progressive lesion in the immature brain. There are several proposed antenatal, intra natal, and post natal risk factors associated with cerebral palsy. Males are more commonly affected than females for reasons not clearly known. Aim: The aim of this study is to analyse comparative incidence of cerebral palsy in male and female sex and also to analyse comparative incidence of cerebral palsy in preterm births in male and female babies. Materials & Methods:The present study was a retrospective cohort study. Data was collected from the parents of 200 cerebral palsy affected children during the perod 20012 -2018 in the Rani Chandra Mani Devi Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. The data was analysed regarding the sex distribution among the total children having cerebral palsy and also among the preterm birth children having cerebral palsy. Results: Of the 200 children affected with cerebral palsy 125 were males and 75 were females accounting to 62.24% of males and 37.75% of females. Of the 125 males, 32 were born preterm and among the 75 females, 22 were born preterm. Of the total 54 preterm births with cerebral palsy the percentage contribution of male to female is 59.25% and 40.74% respectively. Conclusion: This study reflects the male preponderance among the cerebral palsy affected children and also reflects the male preponderance among the preterm babies having cerebral palsy. However as this study involves a small group, study involving higher number of cerebral palsy children is needed, before coming to any final conclusions.

Though spinal block has several advantages like sensory block, muscle relaxation, awake patient, the most common and serious problem with spinal anaesthesia for caesarian section remains rapid profound hypotension due to sympathetic blockade. Preloading is an established method to prevent hypotension due to spinal anaesthesia. AIM: This study is an attempt to compare the usefulness of hetastarch (colloid) with ringer lactate solution (crystalloid) for volume preloading in the prevention of spinal hypotension in caesarian sections. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Informed consent was taken from a total of 120 parturients of ASA grade I, IE without maternal or fetal complications scheduled for elective or emergency for primary or repeat caesarian section at term, for this study in King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam. The study subjects were allocated into 3 groups of 40 each. Group A (40 parturients)-without preloading, Group B (40 parturients)-Crystalloid group-received preload infusion of Ringer lactate solution, 1000 ml, Group C (40 parturients)-Colloid group-received preload infusion of 6% Hydroxy Ethyl starch, 500 ml. CONCLUSION: From this study we conclude that 6% hydroxyethyl starch is better choice for prevention of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia in caesarian section in comparison to lactated ringer solution.

INTRODUCTION:Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders that appear in early childhood. Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement, balance, and posture. Most often the problems occur during pregnancy; however, they may also occur during childbirth, or shortly after birth. Often the cause is unknown. AIM: To study the different antenatal maternal risk factors associated with cerebral palsy in the study group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study was done to assess possible associated antenatal risk factors for cerebral palsy. Mothers of 100 cerebral palsy children were selected who are treated in Rani Chandramani Devi Hospital, a Government hospital in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh State, India, from 2012 to 2014 and 100 controls, mothers of normal children were studied. Detailed antenatal history was obtained from the mothers of the children in both affected and control group. RESULTS: From the data, we conclude that the association of maternal anaemia with cerebral palsy is 7.3 times higher; association of maternal hypertension with cerebral palsy is 6.6 time higher, association with Pre-eclampsia is 6 times higher; association with Eclampsia is 8.6 times higher; with antepartum haemorrhage, the association is 8.6 times higher and association of multiple pregnancy with cerebral palsy is 4.8 times higher than with controls. CONCLUSION: From this study of the role of antenatal risk factors, in the occurrence of cerebral palsy in children it is concluded that the most common risk factor associated with cerebral palsy is the maternal anaemia and the other important risk factors associated being hypertension, pre eclampsia, eclampsia, antepartum haemorrhage and multiple births.

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