Electronic government (e‐Government) is one of the most important ways to bridge the digital divide in developing countries. We develop a model of e‐Government portal use. We use various individual characteristics, namely demographics and personality, as predictors of e‐Government portal use. Specifically, our predictors were (1) gender, age, income and education; (2) the Big Five personality characteristics, i.e. extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness to experience; and (3) personal innovativeness with information technology. We conducted a field study in a village in India. We collected data from over 300 heads of household. We found support for our model, with most variables being significant and explaining 40% of the variance in e‐Government portal use.

The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.

No abstract

A single-chip GPS receiver for GSM and CDMA handsets, designed to provide location identification feature, is described in this paper. This receiver uses a low-IF RF-front-end, that includes an LNA, image rejection using IQ mixers and passive poly-phase filter, and a fully integrated synthesizer. The IF-strip consists of a jammer-reject filter, a VGA, delta-sigma ADC and a digital IF-filter. An attempt is made to minimize the number of external components and have only a single pre-select filter between the antenna and the IC. In the absence of any SAW filter, the ability of the receiver to tolerate jammers is very critical, due to the vicinity of the transmitter of the handset. The receiver works in the GPS L-1 band at 1575.42MHz, which carries the C/A code.Recently, there has been an increased level of interest in GPS receivers [1][2][3]. A very low-power CMOS implementation, that uses a 2b quantizer and external loop-filters for its synthesizer and AGC, is reported in [2]. The receiver discussed in [4] uses a SAW filter for the IF filtering and an external loop-filter for the synthesizer.This chip uses an IF of 4.092MHz. Direct conversion and low-IF are the most popular wireless receiver architectures today. Direct conversion avoids the problem of image frequency, but issues associated with low-frequency noise, DC offset and LO-leakage make its implementation extremely difficult. Frequency planning of the proposed receiver is chosen to keep the reference clock harmonics and any wireless transmissions far away from the signal and image bands. Hence the primary requirement on image rejection is to reject the thermal noise in the image-band, and a relatively low image-rejection of 15dB can preserve the in-band SNR. A pre-select filter is required to keep the out-of-band signals from blocking the receiver. The block diagram of the receiver is shown in Fig. 17.1.1. The receiver uses no off-chip component, other than a crystal for reference clock and supply-decoupling capacitors. Except for the LNA, the entire receiver uses differential signal processing to improve immunity to supply and substrate disturbances.The LNA has single-ended input and differential output. Pinout is selected to isolate the RF signals from other package coupling. LNA uses tuned load designed with spiral inductors for improved linearity and NF. The LNA output is applied to two double-balanced mixers through capacitors used for AC coupling and matching. These two mixers perform down-conversion using I and Q components of LO. Subsequently, the IF-chain performs filtering and further amplification. The linearity of GPS signal in the presence of cellular-band jammers is one of the key performance parameters of this front-end.The first block in the IF-chain is a second-order regulated cascode stage. This filter rejects the out-of-band jammers, that are at least 140MHz away from GPS band. This block also provides lownoise amplification of the IF signal. The amplification in this stage comes from ratio of resistors and hence the required IQ balance ...

No abstract