The vast field of traditional system of medical science is gaining more importance and popularity across the globe because of its amazing therapeutic values. In olden days man lived very close to nature and whenever he got indisposed he cured himself by the resources and materials provided by nature, which is nothing but the herbs. Right from very olden days it is believed that Ayurvedic herbs are supposed to give a solution for all kinds of diseases which was even considered impossible by other field of medical science. The sages in olden days were mainly involved in experimenting the different kinds of herbs and then the preparation of Ayurvedic medicine from them. The Ayurvedic treatment is entirely based on herbs, which have certain medicinal value or property to heal a number of health related problems and diseases. A wound may be defined as a breakdown in the protective function of the skin; the loss of continuity of epithelium, with or without loss of underlying connective tissue. A wound is a type of injury which happens relatively quickly in which skin is torn, cut or punctured or where blunt force trauma causes a contusion. It specifically refers to a sharp injury which damages the dermis of the skin. Healing is the process of the restoration of health to an unbalanced, diseased or damage organism. With physical damage or disease suffered by an organism, healing involves the repair of living tissue, organs and the biological system as a whole and resumption of normal functioning. Wound healing is a process by which tissue regeneration occurs. Plants and their extracts have immense potential for the management and treatment of wounds. Several drugs of plant origin are described in the Ayurveda for their wound healing properties under the term Vranaropaka. Some of these plants have been examined during research work by many scholars for the evaluation of their wound healing activity. Some Ayurvedic medicinal plants, namely, Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia), yastimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Haridra (Curcuma longa), Daruharidra (Berberis aristata), Shigru (Moringa oleifera), etc. were found to be very effective as Wound healing herbs. These herbs induce healing and regeneration of the lost tissues. This review is an attempt to highlight some important medicinal herbs having wound healing properties which could be beneficial in therapeutic practice.

Mustaka and Nagarmustaka belongs to Cyperaceace family and well reputed in the traditional systems of medicine. Mustaka and Nagarmustaka have wide range of medicinal and pharmacological applications in Ayurveda. Although some differences are present in their morphological characters, they are often considered to be synonymous with each other because of the close similarities present between these two cyperus species. In the markets, also, crude drugs sellers were selling a single drug mostly Nagarmustaka under the name of both. Therefore, it is necessary to have proper identification of these herbs. The present study is aimed to systematically classify both the species through their morphological and microscopic features and to establish the diagnostic features of Mustaka (Cyperus rotundus Linn.) and Nagarmustaka (Cyperus procerus Rottb.) for their correct identification. Various methods including macroscopic and microscopic methods were applied. Morphology of different parts of both the plants were determined. Images of transverse sections of stem and leaf of both the species revealed useful diagnostic features. This study suggested that Mustaka and Nagarmustaka are different plants based on their difference found in morphology and transverse section of leaf and stem of both.

Mustaka was held in high esteem by the ancient sages of India. This super bulb has been used throughout the ages for the treatment of numerous illness. It is an aquatic or semi-aquatic herb and found throughout India. Like Mustaka, Nagarmustaka is a perennial herb which grows in aquatic and sub-aquatic region especially on banks of streams and rivers. Rhizome is the useful part of both the plants. Both the drugs have high therapeutic value in day to day medical conditions like obesity, hyperlipidemia, acute & chronic fevers, diarrhoea, skin diseases, cough, digestive disorders, intestinal worms etc. But there is some confusion about their identity because both were considered as synonyms as well as varieties in ayurvedic texts and in most of the markets also, the raw drug sellers are selling a single drug under the name of Motha and Nagarmotha both. The present study was aimed to systematically classify Mustaka (Cyperus rotundus Linn.) and Nagarmustaka (Cyperus procerus Rottb.) through their Pharmacognostical evaluation by macroscopy, microscopy and powder analysis for their correct identification. Mustaka (Cyperus rotundus Linn.) and Nagarmustaka (Cyperus procerus Rottb.) were collected from their natural habitat and botanically identified from BSI. Oraganoleptic study, transverse sections and powder microscopy of the rhizomes of both the species were carried out. Organoleptically, Rhizomes of Mustaka (Cyperus rotundus Linn.) are ovoid, blunt and spindle in shape while the rhizomes of Nagarmustaka (Cyperus procerus Rottb.) are elongated and cylindrical in shape. Microscopically, in the T.S of rhizomes, vascular bundles was more closely present in Nagarmustaka (Cyperus procerus Rottb.) than the Mustaka (Cyperus. rotundus Linn.) and bundle sheath was present around the vascular bundles of Nagarmustaka (Cyperus procerus Rottb.) while it was absent in Mustaka (Cyperus. rotundus Linn.). Cell nuclei was found in the powder microscopy of Nagarmustaka (Cyperus procerus Rottb.) only. This study will provides identifying features of Mustaka (Cyperus. rotundus Linn.) and Nagarmustaka (Cyperus procerus Rottb.) for their correct identification. From this study it can be concluded that these are two different species from Cyperus.

Indian medicinal plants are the essence of Ayurveda and Ayurvedic treatments. The use of medicinal plants is the most common form of traditional medication, worldwide. Treatment of illness and maintenance of health using herbal medicines is the oldest and most popular form of Healthcare practice known to humanity that has been practised by all cultures in all ages throughout the history of civilization. Use of herbal medicines for therapeutic purpose is now well-established and widely acknowledged to be safe and effective. Many drugs commonly used today in the developing countries are of herbal origin. Mustaka and Nagarmustaka are the herbs which have been used widely in ayurvedic formulations mentioned in ancient texts of Ayurveda. Mustaka has been mentioned in Veda for its vashikaran property. In Samhitas and Chikitsa granth of Ayurveda, Mustaka has been mentioned as an ingredient of many important formulations for the treatment of various diseases. Nagarmustaka has been mentioned in different nighantus as a variety of Mustaka. Mustaka and Nagarmustaka, both has a wide range of medicinal and pharmacological applications and are very useful in various diseases like fever, diarrhoea, thirst, disorders of stomach, irritation of bowels, skin disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, wounds, jaundice, cough, worms etc. These herbs has been given special recognition in Ayurveda due to their multifaceted therapeutic benefits. This paper provide detail description of Mustaka and Nagarmustaka from Veda to Nighantus and their medicinal uses in various disorders.

Cyperus rotundus Linn. (Mustaka) and Cyperus procerus Rottb. (Nagarmustaka) are used for various conditions of ailments in traditional system of medicine since ancient times. They are often considered to be synonymous with each other in ayurvedic texts because of close similarities present between these two species. In the markets of crude drugs also, mostly Nagarmustaka is being sold under the name of Mustaka. So, there is a need to differentiate them for their authentication. This study is designed to establish the various physiochemical and phytochemical standards of Cyperus rotundus Linn. and Cyperus procerus Rottb. and compare them for their correct identification and authentication. The investigations included determination of various standardization parameters such as physiochemical, phytochemical analysis with TLC and HPLC of both the drugs. Physiochemical and phytochemical standards of both the plants were showed almost similar results but some differences were also found. In TLC of both the drugs, most of the chemical constituents were have similar Rf value but some differences in Rf values were also found. Beta-sitosterol was also separated and have Rf value 0.38. In HPLC, 7.3% of Beta-sitosterol was found in the Cyperus rotundus Linn. while only 2.04 % of Beta-sitosterol was found in Cyperus procerus Rottb. Differences in the physiochemical, phytochemical, TLC and HPLC profiling will be helpful in identification and authentication of these two species of Cyperus and the parameters which are established from this study may be helpful in standardization of Cyperus rotundus Linn. and Cyperus procerus Rottb.