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BackgroundHeadache disorders now represent a major public health problem globally. It is more prevalent in developing countries with the rising trends of headache disorders observed in young adults affecting their quality of life negatively. Very little information is available on the epidemiology of headache disorders in the Jammu Division of the north Indian population.AimThe aim of the present study was to find out the prevalence of headache and its two major types, i.e., migraine and tension-type headache (TTH), in the population of the Jammu Division.MethodsThe present study was conducted in two phases: (Phase I: face-to-face interview and Phase II: E-based sampling) and the sufferers of headaches were incorporated into the study based on the International Classification of Headache Disorder-3 (ICHD-3) criteria for a representative sample. Frequency distribution and mean ± standard deviation were used in descriptive statistics to describe the data sets, while a t-test, chi-square test, multiple logistic regression, and prevalence ratio were used in inferential statistics.ResultsIn the present study, a total of 3,148 patients were recruited, with an overall prevalence of headache of 53.84%, with a majority of females (38.18%) over males (15.66%). As regards the type of headache, migraine was found to be of the more prevalent (33.25%) type than the TTH (20.58%). Females suffering from migraine showed the highest prevalence (25.28%), in contrast to females suffering from the TTH (12.89%). Sociodemographic variables, such as gender [female; AOR = 2.46, 95% CI (2.12–2.85), p-value < 0.0001] and marital status [married; AOR: 1.46, 95% CI (1.11–1.92) p-value = 0.006], showed a significant association with the headache.ConclusionThe present study shows that the prevalence of headache is high in the Jammu Division of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) India, with migraine being the highly prevalent type.

Background Migraine is a complex neurological disorder that is characterized by a "lower threshold of neuronal hyperexcitability" with distinctive periodicity and complex vascular dysfunction. Genetic factors have impacted incredibly on the susceptibility of migraine and one such example is the TNF-α 308G > A. Aim Therefore, we aim to provide a glimpse of the association of the TNF-α 308G > A risk on the susceptibility of migraine. Method The pooled odds ratio with the associated 95% of confidence interval were calculated using different genetic models. Heterogeneity was accessed by using Cochran's Q Test and I2 statistics and Begg's and Egger's tests were used for finding the publication bias, tests were two-sided, and a p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The Trial Sequential Analysis with Meta-regression Analysis were also utilized to find out the sample size requirement for meta-analysis to avoid type I error and source of heterogeneity respectively. Result A total of 13 studies with cases: 7193 and controls: 23,091 were included and after using different genetic models, no overall association with migraine and its clinical subtype migraine with aura was observed (Allele model “OR: 1.28, 95% C.I. [0.96–1.69] and OR: 0.99,95% C.I. [0.69–1.42]) respectively. Interestingly, after sub-grouping using the “ethnicity criteria” in the migraine group, it was observed that the allelic genetic model and the dominant model were found to be significantly associated with the Asian ethnic group (OR: 1.79, 95% C.I. [1.13–2.84], and OR: 1.85, 95% C.I. [1.0927; 3.1580]. Conclusion In conclusion, the present meta-analysis has provided evidence that 308G > A increases the risk of migraine only in the Asian population.

Background: Making appropriate decisions and drawing valid conclusions from the data requires the use of statistics in both scientific and non-scientific contexts. But errors are usually made during the formation of the result of the collected data which are obtained from a diverse and big population. Allowing errors is harmful and unavoidable, therefore, we need to control or limit the maximum level of error using statistics. Aim: Therefore, in the present review we aimed to provide brief information about the statistical test, the type of errors, and how to minimize the type of errors. Method: A unstructured literature survey was done from different online data resources such as Pubmed (NCBI), Elsevier, Springer, and Web of science. Result: In statistical interference, we expect two types of errors (Type I Error and Type II Error) which forces the results of quantitative analysis into the mold of a decision, which is whether to reject or not to reject the null hypothesis. In statistics, the statistical test will give the “p-value”. Discussion & Conclusion: In conclusion, type I error and Type II errors can be minimized by describing the level of significance and power of the study respectively. Scholars Middle East Publishers

Background Headache disorders represent a major public health problem globally. It is more in developing countries with the rising trends in young adults affecting negatively their quality of life. There has been very little information on the epidemiology of headache disorder in the Jammu division of the north Indian population. Aim The present study is aimed to find out the prevalence of headache and its two major types i.e., migraine and TTH (Tension-Type Headache) in population of Jammu division. Methods The study was conducted in two phases: (Phase I: Face-face interview and Phase II: E-based sampling) and sufferers of headaches were incorporated into the study based on the ICHD-3 criteria for a representative sample. Frequency distribution and mean ± SD were used in descriptive statistics to describe the data sets, while a t-test, chi-square test, and a logistic regression model using odds ratio were used in inferential statistics. Results A total of 3,148 subjects were recruited and found the overall prevalence of headache was 53.84% with a female preponderance (38.18%) in comparison to male 15.66%. Regarding the type, migraine was found to be highly prevalent (33.25%) type than TTH (20.58%). Female suffering from migraine shows the highest prevalence (25.28%). Regarding the environmental factors, bright light OR: 5.81, 95% CIs [4.96–6.81] loud sound OR: 5.17, 95% CIs [4.44–6.03], stress OR: 3.58, 95% CIs [3.07–4.17], empty stomach OR: 3.42, 95% CIs [2.93–3.98] increases the likely hood of the diseases. Also, high comorbidity association was found in between PCOS OR: 8.63, 95% CIs [3.95–18.85], panic disorder OR: 5.04, 95% CIs [1.94–3.05], anxiety OR: 4.53, 95% CIs [3.90–5.27], IBS OR: 3.80, 95% [1.76–8.23] with headache. Conclusion The prevalence of headache is high in the Jammu division of J&K India with migraine being the high prevalent type. Light and sound with high intensity, empty stomach, stress, and less water intake are some highly associated environmental risk factor that increases the severity diseases.