54 996 eligible individuals, 52 029 (95%) responded. In 2006, we delivered another questionnaire to all community-dwelling individuals aged over 40 years in Ohsaki City. Of 77 325 eligible individuals, 49 603 (64.2%) responded. The 9206 participants who answered both questionnaires were classified by self-reported sleep duration: #5 h (short sleep), 6 h, 7 h (reference), 8 h, and $9 h (long sleep). The main outcome measure was a weight gain of $10 kg or a body mass index (BMI) of $25 kg/m 2 (obesity) calculated from selfreported height and weight. We used logistic regression analyses to derive ORs and 95% CIs adjusted for sex, age, BMI, education, smoking, alcohol drinking, occupation, marital status, menopausal status, and caffeine beverage consumption. Results We observed no association between sleep duration and risk of weight gain and obesity. Multivariate ORs for weight gain were 1.14 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.87) for short sleep and 1. Introduction Rotavirus-attributed diarrhoea is a major cause of death in young children. The WHO-Eastern Mediterranean Region, with a population over 590 millions, is a diverse area in terms of socioeconomic status and health indicators. This study aimed to evaluate the burden of rotavirus-associated mortality in order to encourage implementation of rotavirus vaccine. Methods Based on rotavirus-associated mortality in the pre-vaccination period, the effect of rotavirus vaccine to avert children deaths was calculated. Results In the Eastern Mediterranean Region more than 61 000 children aged <5 years died of rotavirus in 2004. Pakistan and Afghanistan, each with more than 15 000 deaths per year, were the countries with the highest rates of rotavirus-associated mortality; follow by Iraq, Somalia, Sudan, Yemen, Egypt and Morocco. Bahrain, Kuwait and Qatar with less than 10 deaths per year were the countries with the lowest rates of rotavirus-associated mortality. When the coverage of currently used vaccines was applied to a rotavirus vaccine, a minimum of 24 100 and maximum of 43 300 deaths would be averted with vaccine efficacy of 50% to 90%, respectively. Conclusion Rotavirus-associated mortality and morbidity varies considerably in the region. While in some countries reducing rotavirus-associated mortality is a great concern, in others reducing rotavirus-attributed morbidity is the main benefit of rotavirus immunisation. Implementing comprehensive strategies to facilitate usage of rotavirus vaccine in the region is encouraged. Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is highly prevalent in Mongolia, where approximately 4000 TB cases reported each year. The goal of this study is to determine the incidence of tuberculosis particularly MDR-TB cases registered in Mongolia. Methods A descriptive method was used to study the incidence of MDR-TB reported in Mongolia. The information including age, gender, date of diagnosis, type of drug resistance, treatment outcomes were taken from national report. Results Since the first diagnosis of MDR-TB in Mongolia, a total of 419 MDR-TB cases or 1.6 per cases...