Objectives: We aimed to review the literature linking metabolic factors to Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH), in order to assess associations between growth factors and DISH. Method: We identified studies in our personal database and PubMed using the following keywords in various combinations: “diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis”, “ankylosing hyperostosis”, “Forestier’s disease”, “diabetes”, “insulin”, “obesity”, “metabolic”, “growth factors”, “adipokines”, “glucose tolerance” and “chondrocytes”. Results: We were not able to do a systematic review due to variability in methodology of studies. We found positive associations between obesity (especially abdominal obesity), Type 2 diabetes mellitus, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia and DISH. Conclusion: Current research indicates that certain metabolic factors associate with DISH. More precise studies deriving from these findings on these and other newly identified bone-growth factors are needed.

Introduction: Several systemic therapies have demonstrated a survival advantage in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Access to these medications varies significantly worldwide. In Australia until recently, patients must have received docetaxel first, unless unsuitable for chemotherapy, despite no evidence suggesting superiority over androgen receptor signalling inhibitors (ARSIs). Our study investigated real-world systemic treatment patterns in Australian patients with mCRPC. Methods:The electronic CRPC Australian Database (ePAD) was interrogated to identify mCRPC patients. Clinicopathological features, treatment and outcome data, stratified by first-line systemic therapies, were extracted. Comparisons between groups utilised Kruskal-Wallis tests and Chi-Square analyses. Time-to-event data were calculated using Kaplan-Meier methods and groups compared using log-rank tests. Factors influencing overall survival (OS) and time to treatment failure (TTF) were analysed through Cox proportional hazards regression models.Results: We identified 578 patients who received first-line systemic therapy for mCRPC. Enzalutamide (ENZ) was most commonly prescribed (n = 240, 41%), followed by docetaxel (DOC, n = 164, 28%) and abiraterone (AA, n = 100, 17%).Patients receiving ENZ or AA were older (79, 78.5 years respectively) compared with DOC (71 years, p = 0.001) and less likely to have ECOG performance status 0 (45%, 44%, 59% in ENZ, AA and DOC groups respectively p < 0.0001). Median TTF was significantly higher in those receiving ENZ (12.4 months) and AA (11.9 months) compared to DOC (8.3 months, p < 0.001). PSA50 response rates and OS were not statistically different. Time to developing CRPC > 12 months was independently associated with longer TTF (HR 0.67, p < 0.001) and OS (HR 0.49, p = 0.002). Conclusion:In our real-world population, ENZ and AA were common first-line systemic therapy choices, particularly among older patients and those with poorer

Background: The recent LATITUDE trial showed that Abiraterone plus Prednisolone (AP) combined with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) significantly improved overall survival of patients with hormone-sensitive metastatic prostatic cancer. We conducted a study aims to evaluate whether AP plus ADT is a cost-effective strategy from Hong Kong perspective. Methods: The current cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) considered the reported efficacy of AP in the large-scale randomized clinical trial (LATITUDE) that recruited 1,917 patients of advanced prostate cancer, among which 1,002 had metastatic disease. Using a deterministic Markov model with probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) for accounting parameter uncertainty, AP plus ADT was compared with ADT-alone in patients with metastases across a 20-year time horizon. Quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) were applied as the primary outcomes. The study took Hong Kong's societal perspective and the WHO's recommendation of 3 times the local gross domestic product (GDP) per capita