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During the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) the fascist powers, led by Hitler and Mussolini, saw an opportunity to test a new kind of war tactic—the indiscriminate bombing of civilian populations in order to demoralize the enemy. This paper examines the important and thought-provoking commonalities that exist between Picasso’s Guernica , Joris Ivens and Ernest Hemingway’s The Spanish Earth , and Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls in their exploration of the physical and psychological impact of this new warscape on the Spanish people.

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The emancipation of women during the Spanish Civil War provides the context for this exploration of the characters Pilar and Maria in Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls . Examining these women within the framework of the "New Woman" of Spain provides a richer understanding of each character individually as well as a new appreciation of their connections. Such context is fundamental to discerning how Hemingway encapsulates the socio-political climate of the Spanish Civil War in the novel.

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