Firstly, the many characteristics of expertise are examined: they include aspects of pattern recognition, knowledge, skill, flexibility, metacognitive monitoring, available cognitive space and teaching abilities. Secondly, three educational models from different domains (Nursing, Surgical Education, Education) are analysed, compared and contrasted, in relation to both educational approach and the development of expertise. Thirdly, a new model for the development of expertise is proposed, incorporating aspects of each of the three previously discussed models. Within this new model, four phases of development are proposed, culminating in the achievement of expertise. Furthermore, it is noted that under certain circumstances performance can deteriorate, and that with appropriate support, there can be recursion back through earlier phases of development. Significant implications for both healthcare education and practice are discussed, in relation to concepts of expertise, potential educational approaches and the proposed model for the development of expertise.

This article describes the process used to develop an evaluation model for organizational learning in a healthcare environment. This model moves away from the traditional focus on learner satisfaction and places greater emphasis on performance and impact evaluation. The evaluation model is grounded in the work of Kirkpatrick (1998) and Phillips (1991) and can be applied to a variety of programs. Using a highly practical approach, the model enables educators to determine the most appropriate level of evaluation for a learning opportunity and to identify effective and efficient strategies. This model could be readily adopted by healthcare organizations interested in enhancing the evaluation of the learning initiatives.

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