Soil variability was assessed in a 74.2-ha area within the Ž ofínský prales natural forest. Parameters evaluated for 1765 soil profiles inside 353 graticule plots were as follows: (1) thickness of organic horizons, (2) thickness and form of mineral horizons, (3) humus form (HF), (4) soil taxonomic unit (STU) and (5) anomalies. In addition, soil reaction (pH KCl ) and oxidizable carbon content (C ox ) were measured in the laboratory for 734 samples from the upper mineral (A) and lower mineral (B) horizons. The most frequently occurring humus form was mor followed by moder, hydromor and peaty T-horizon. Entic Podzols, Dystric Cambisols, Haplic Cambisols, Albic Podzols, Histic (or Haplic) Gleysols, Endogleyic Stagnosols, Fibric or Hemic or Sapric Histosols and Stagnic Gleysols were all present at the site despite its homogeneous geological bedrock. Overall coefficient of variance (CV) was lower in terrestrial soils compared with (semi-)hydromorphic soils. Overall variance decreased in both soil groups with increasing depth, as did CV differences between the fine (up to 10 m) and the locality scales. The lowest CV values occurred for C ox and pH KCl . The CV values differed between STUs as well. Compared to lower horizons, variograms of upper horizons showed greater autocorrelation at the intermediate spatial scale (10-320 m)-ranging from 50 to 150 m. Semivariance values, however, reached 70-80% of sill already at a distance of 10 m. The most significant factor of variability at all studied spatial scales is presumably the soil disturbance regime, followed by terrain micro-topography and the effect of tree species.

Digital elevation models (DEMs) are still an important and current source of information for digital soil mapping and the modeling of soil processes. The grid DEM is often interpolated from contour lines. The contour sampling step becomes an additional interpolation parameter which can play an important role. The objective of this paper is to optimize the interpolation parameters of the Regularized spline with tension (RST) method, in order to prepare a DEM suitable as an input for erosion modeling. Two contrasting cases, with and without a reference DEM, were investigated. If a reference DEM was available, good results of interpolation were reached both by small and larger sampling steps. In the second case, it was found that small sampling steps should be avoided. The influence of the sampling was demonstrated by topographic potential for erosion and deposition.

Abstract. Study of heavy rain events and their spatial distribution are of great importance. Such events cause local flooding, accelerate soil erosion and cause damage on property. Data for this study were derived by Sokol and Bližňák (2009) from radar reflectivity and daily rain gauge measurements for the period of 2002–2008. We selected heavy rain events using spatial and intensity constrains. We studied relationships between heavy rains, altitude and terrain roughness. Heavy rain totals correlate with both altitude and terrain roughness globally over the Czech Republic. The correlation is also significant for extreme heavy rain totals. The correlation of heavy rain intensities with altitude was not proven. The highest rates of average intensities are located in the south-eastern parts of the Czech Republic. The spatial distribution of heavy rain frequencies strongly corresponds to the spatial distribution of heavy rain totals. The highest percentage of heavy rains in total precipitation is located in the north-west of the Czech Republic. The extreme heavy rains occupy higher altitudes.

This paper aims to the evaluation of the assessment of topographic potential for erosion and deposition when the contour lines from the Czech Fundamental Base of Geographic Data (ZABAGED) are used. On a hill slope above the Opava River a DEM from field measurements and a DEM from contours were created. The potential for erosion and deposition was computed on the both DEMs and the results were compared. We considered the result based on the DEM from field measurement as a reference. The potential for erosion and deposition based on the contour lines showed large inaccuracies in its spatial distribution. The main drawbacks of ZABAGED contour lines mentioned in literature proved to be significant in erosion and deposition modelling.

The perforating vein to the brachial vein is identified and tied Brachial artery identified and arteriotomy is done After successful end of the perforating vein to the side of the artery anastomosis Results: During the study period a total of 53 Gracz elbow AVF were constructed which accounted for 10.9 % of all AVF and 30.4 % of all elbow AVF. Of all Gracz fistulae, left elbow was the site for 77.4 % cases. 51 patients had short term patency (96.2 %). Of these, 2 patients died within 3 months period and 4 were lost to follow up. Out of 47 patients available for follow up 43 patients met medium term patency criteria (91.4%). All but 2 AVFs were successfully cannulated 3 weeks after the surgery. One patient had delayed wound healing and one patient had limb edema during the follow up period. Conclusions: The Gracz elbow fistula has very good success rate. Such surgeries can be performed by the Nephrologists independently