The article argues that Constantine the Great, until he was recognized by Galerius, the senior Emperor of the Tetrarchy, was an usurper with no right to the imperial power, nothwithstanding his claim that his father, the Emperor Constantius I, conferred upon him the imperial title before he died. Tetrarchic principles, envisaged by Diocletian, were specifically put in place to supersede and override blood kinship. Constantine's accession to power started as a military coup in which a military unit composed of barbarian soldiers seems to have played an important role.

There has been an assumption in the scholarly literature about Emperor Hadrian ' s meeting with a Parthian king in about 123 CE. This assumption, based on a single passage in a source whose veracity and reliability has repeatedly been questioned, cannot be proved and appears to be false. However, Hadrian ' s summit has been accepted without question as a fact in many scholarly books, although some authors chose to ignore this doubtful event. In this article, the whole history of Romano-Parthian relations is briefly summed up and the author tries to point out that, in reality, no summit of heads of these two states ever occurred.

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