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Efficient human-computer-interaction is a key to success for navigation systems, in particular when pedestrians are using them. Due to the increasing computational power of recent mobile devices, complex multimedia user interfaces to pedestrian navigation systems can be implemented. In order to be able to provide the best-suited interface to each user, we present a user study comparing not only three map presentation modes (bird's eye, egocentric and a combined one), but also involving the users' sense of direction as a second independent factor. In the experiment conducted, we did not focus on a global navigation task, but on the repeated subtask of locating objects on the map. ANOVA analysis of the task completion time revealed a significant interaction effect of presentation mode and the sense of direction of the test persons. Consequently, we advocate user-adaptive presentation modes for pedestrian navigation systems.

In this paper, we outline a possible formalization of the semantics of the XML-based ODX language. ODX is a substantial part of the emerging automotive ASAM MCD standard, which describes a middleware layer between offboard diagnosis applications and onboard diagnosis services of electronic control units (ECUs) of cars. The contribution of our work is threefold: Firstly, a consequent application of our results can contribute to a wellstructured development process in the automotive diagnosis domain. We are currently showing this in practice as part of our ongoing cooperation with the diagnosis department of AUDI AG. Secondly, our proposition is the first step towards guaranteed standard-conformity of implementations of the MCD run-time system, also specified by the standard and strongly depending on ODX and its semantics. Last but not least, the paper can serve as an encouraging example of the application of formal methods in practice.