The hallmark of age-related neurodegenerative diseases is the appearance of cellular protein deposits and spreading of this pathology throughout the central nervous system. Growing evidence has shown the involvement and critical role of proteins with prion-like properties in the formation of these characteristic cellular aggregates. Prion-like domains of such proteins with their proposed function in the organization of membraneless organelles are prone for misfolding and promoting further aggregation. Spreading of these toxic aggregates between cells and across tissues can explain the progression of clinical phenotypes and pathology in a stereotypical manner, characteristic for almost every neurodegenerative disease. Here, we want to review the current evidence for the role of prion-like mechanisms in classical neurodegenerative diseases and ALS in particular. We will also discuss an intriguingly central role of the protein TDP-43 in the majority of cases of this devastating disease.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common and devastating motor neuron (MN) disease. Its pathophysiological cascade is still enigmatic. More than 90% of ALS patients suffer from sporadic ALS, which makes it specifically demanding to generate appropriate model systems. One interesting aspect considering the seeding, spreading and further disease development of ALS is the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We therefore asked whether CSF from sporadic ALS patients is capable of causing disease typical changes in human patient-derived spinal MN cultures and thus could represent a novel model system for sporadic ALS. By using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived MNs from healthy controls and monogenetic forms of ALS we could demonstrate a harmful effect of ALS-CSF on healthy donor-derived human MNs. Golgi fragmentation—a typical finding in lower organism models and human postmortem tissue—was induced solely by addition of ALS-CSF, but not control-CSF. No other neurodegenerative hallmarks—including pathological protein aggregation—were found, underpinning Golgi fragmentation as early event in the neurodegenerative cascade. Of note, these changes occurred predominantly in MNs, the cell type primarily affected in ALS. We thus present a novel way to model early features of sporadic ALS.
ZusammenfassungDeutsch: Als häufige genetisch bedingte neurodegenerative Erkrankung ist die Huntington-Krankheit eine Modellerkrankung – auch für die Gentherapie. Unter den unterschiedlichen Möglichkeiten ist die Entwicklung von Antisense-Oligonukleotiden am weitesten fortgeschritten. Als weitere Optionen auf Ebene der RNA stehen Mikro-RNAs und Modulatoren der RNA-Prozessierung (Spleißen) zur Verfügung, auf DNA-Ebene Zink-Finger-Proteine. Mehrere Produkte befinden sich in der klinischen Prüfung. Diese unterscheiden sich in Applikationsform und systemischer Verfügbarkeit, aber auch in der genauen Wirkung. Ein wichtiger Unterschied könnte darin liegen, ob alle Formen des Huntingtin-Proteins gleichermaßen von der Therapie angesprochen werden, oder ob sich die Therapie präferentiell gegen besonders toxische Formen wie das Exon1-Protein richtet. Die Ergebnisse der kürzlich abgebrochenen GENERATION HD1 Studie waren etwas ernüchternd, am ehesten aufgrund der nebenwirkungsbedingten Liquorzirkulationsstörung. Sie sind daher nur ein Schritt in der Entwicklung zu einer wirksamen Gentherapie gegen die Huntington-Krankheit.
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