Organization and patterning of zeolite L crystals with their unique properties such as their one-dimensional nano channel system is of highest topical interest with various applications in many areas of science. We demonstrate full three-dimensional optical control of single zeolite L crystals and for the first time fully reversible, dynamic organization of a multitude of individually controlled zeolite L crystals.

High-throughput manipulation of microparticles can be efficiently accomplished using electrokinetic effects. In this contribution, we demonstrate the two-dimensional investigation of internal space-charge fields inside a bismuth silicon oxide (BSO) crystal and their use for optically mediated particle trapping. The magnitude of the internal fields as well as the time constant for its build-up are measured by Zernike phase contrast and digital holography. The fast response time of a BSO crystal at very low light powers enables real-time generation of high electric field gradients. We demonstrate that this photoconductive material facilitates both electrophoretic and dielectrophoretic trapping of particles on an accessible surface.

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Conversely to the continuous wave indirect time-of-flight (CW-iToF) imaging scheme, pulsed modulation ToF (PM-iToF) imaging is a promising depth measurement technique for operation at high ambient illumination. It is known that non-linearity and finite charge-transfer speed impact trueness and precision of ToF systems.1–3 As pulses are no Eigenfunctions to the shutter system, this issue is especially pronounced in pulsed modulation.2, 3 Despite these effects, it is possible to find analytical expressions founded on physical observations that map scenery parameters such as depth information, reflectance and ambient light level to sensor output.3, 4 In the application, the inverse of this map has to be evaluated. In PM-iToF, an inverse function cannot be yielded in a direct manner, as models proposed in the literature were transcendental.3, 4 For a limited range an approximating linearization can be performed to yield depth information.5 To extend the usable range, recently, an alternative approach that indirectly approximates the inverse function was presented.6 This method was founded on 1D doping concentration profiles, which, however, are typically not made available to end users. Also, limitations of the 1D approximation as well as stability are yet to be explored. This work presents a calibration methodology that copes with detector insufficiencies such as finite charge transfer speed. Contrarily to the state of the art, no prior knowledge on details of the underlying devices is required. The work covers measurement setup, a benchmark of various calibration schemes and deals with issues such as overfitting or defect pixels