Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a vasoconstrictor peptide produced by endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) might play a role in vascular remodelling. To investigate the proposed ‘mitogenic’ potential of ET-1, we examined the effects of chronic exposure of VSMC to ET-1 on cell cycle, growth/proliferation and differentiation under essentially mitogen-free culture conditions. Bulk cultures of thoracic aortic VSMC of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, although exhibiting genetically determined differences in growth/proliferation (due to shortened Gl and G2 phases in SHR VSMC), respond in a similar manner to ET-1 exposure: long-term exposure (12-15 days) of VSMC from both sources to ET-1 in nonmitogenic medium did not promote cycling of cells. On the contrary, ET-1 attenuated the cycling of VSMC which had already cycled beyond the S phase. For cells which had not cycled beyond the S phase, ET-1 interrupted progression through the cell cycle at the late Gl/early S phase. The specific ability of SHR VSMC to grow in mitogen-free medium was abolished by ET-1 most likely via down-regulation of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-α receptors. Subsequent to ET-1 exposure, VSMC expressed increased levels of mRNA and protein for smooth-muscle-specific α-actin. However, expression of smooth muscle α-actin did not predominate over β-actin as observed for adult contractile VSMC in vivo. The ET-1-induced expression of smooth-muscle-specific α-actin mRNA was dose dependent (EC₅₀ approx. 2 × 10^-9M), and α-actin protein expressed was associated with organized actin fibers.