The literature analysis revealed that even in immunocompetent/otherwise healthy individuals mucormycosis infection has a worldwide distribution. What might be the real predisposing factors involved in its pathogenesis in such patients and the real causes of this peculiar geographic distribution still remains unknown. It is likely that, in our cases, a chronic insult of a well-defined and localized body area might have resulted in a local immunocompromission, thus fostering the development of an invasive fungal infection.

Diagnosis of syphilis remains a challenge because of the multiform and polymorphous clinical pattern at onset and its ability to imitate different diseases. It is mandatory to include syphilis in the differential diagnosis of unusual oral lesions. Diagnosis of oral lesions of syphilis is often difficult, and biopsy is required in controversial cases.

We suggest to screen sleep disturbances in patients with oral lichen planus because they could be considered a prodromal symptoms of mood disorders.

No abstract

Vesicobullous diseases are a large group of disorders with different etiologies, pathogenesis, and prognoses that affect the skin, the mucosal surfaces, or both. The clinical sign that marks all vesicobullous diseases is the onset of vesicles or bullae, defined as skin/mucosal lesions with a subcorneal or suprabasal intraepithelial detachment within the epithelium (acantholysis) or with a subepithelial detachment between the epithelium and the lamina propria. Clinical and histologic findings vary markedly among vesicobullous diseases, depending on the heterogenity of the etiology (Table 1). Many of these diseases can be extremely debilitating with serious sequelae, and are possibly fatal, so early treatment is necessary to reduce morbidity and mortality.In this review we discuss autoimmune blistering disorders, and among them, those that more frequently affect the oral mucosa.Autoimmune blistering disorders are a rare subgroup of diseases that are characterized by the presence of serum autoantibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA) directed against antigens within the epithelium or the basal membrane zone. The different topography of the numerous antigens in the context of the epithelium and basal membrane zone explains the presence of intraepithelial or subepithelial bullous lesions, and identifies different diseases with totally different treatment strategies and prognoses. The application of immuno-molecular biology to the study of autoimmune blistering disorders has led to a more detailed understanding of the pathogenesis of the disorders. The oral mucosa often represents the first site of onset of autoimmune blistering disorders from which the disease may spread to the skin and/ or other mucosal sites (conjunctiva, nose, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, genital area). Oral mucosal involvement is the sole presentation in some cases. For this reason, early diagnosis of autoimmune blistering disorders in oral mucosa is imperative for clinicians to maximize treatment response, minimize serious side effects and, above all, to achieve a good prognosis and better quality of life for the patient. | PEMPHI G US V ULG ARISPemphigus is a group of potentially life-threatening autoimmune blistering diseases characterized by cutaneous and/or mucosal blistering caused by the presence of circulating IgGs directed against desmogleins 1 and 3, calcium-dependent adhesion molecules (cadherins) that are involved in cell-cell adhesion 1 (Figure 1). The interaction between desmoglein IgGs and their target antigens is responsible for acantholysis and the formation of intraepithelial blisters of the skin and mucous membranes. Differences in the location of particular desmogleins (only skin, only mucosal surfaces, skin and mucosal surfaces together) result in different phenotype of the disease. 3 The mean age of onset of pemphigus vulgaris is usually 40-60 years. The disease susceptibility is strongly associated with some class II HLA antigens.The worldwide epidemiology of pemphigus has shown an incidence of 0.1-3.2/100 000 population. 4 The incidence of...