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PURPOSE Cervical screening can prevent cancer by detection and treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 (CIN2/3). Screening also results in considerable overtreatment because many CIN2/3 lesions show spontaneous regression when left untreated. In this multicenter longitudinal cohort study of women with untreated CIN2/3, the prognostic value of FAM19A4/miR124-2 methylation was evaluated for clinical regression. PATIENTS AND METHODS Women with CIN2/3 were prospectively followed for 24 months. Surgical excision was replaced by a wait-and-see policy. FAM19A4/miR124-2 methylation was evaluated on all clinician-collected samples and self-collected samples collected at baseline. Every 6 months, human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and cytology were conducted on a clinician-collected sample, and a colposcopic examination was performed by a gynecologist to exclude progression. At the final study visit, two biopsies were taken. Clinical regression was defined as histologically confirmed absence of CIN2+ or an HPV-negative clinician-collected sample with normal cytology. Regression incidences were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS One hundred fourteen women (median age, 30 years; range, 20-53 years) were included, 80 of whom were diagnosed with CIN2 and 34 with CIN3. During the study, 65.8% of women (75/114) did not receive surgical treatment. Women with a negative FAM19A4/miR124-2 result on the baseline clinician-collected sample showed more clinical regression (74.7%) than women with a positive methylation result (51.4%, P = .013). Regression in women with a negative FAM19A4/miR124-2 methylation test was highest when cytology was atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance/low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (88.4%) or HPV16 was negative (85.1%). CONCLUSION Most women with untreated CIN2/3 and a negative baseline FAM19A4/miR124-2 methylation test showed clinical regression. Methylation, in combination with cytology or HPV genotyping, can be used to support a wait-and-see policy in women with CIN2/3.

High-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2 and CIN3) represents a heterogeneous disease with varying cancer progression risks. Biomarkers indicative for a productive human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (HPV E4) and a transforming HPV infection (p16 ink4a , Ki-67 and host-cell DNA methylation) could provide guidance for clinical management in women with high-grade CIN. This study evaluates the cumulative score of immunohistochemical expression of p16 ink4a (Scores 0-3) and Ki-67 (Scores 0-3), referred to as the "immunoscore" (IS), in 262 CIN2 and 235 CIN3 lesions derived from five European cohorts in relation to immunohistochemical HPV E4 expression and FAM19A4/miR124-2 methylation in the corresponding cervical scrape. The immunoscore classification resulted in 30 lesions within IS group 0-2 (6.0%), 151 lesions within IS group 3-4 (30.4%) and 316 lesions within IS group 5-6 (63.6%). E4 expression decreased significantly from CIN2 to CIN3 (P < .001) and with increasing immunoscore group (P trend < .001). Methylation positivity increased significantly from CIN2 to CIN3 (P < .001) and with increasing immunoscore group (P trend < .001). E4 expression was present in 9.8% of CIN3 (23/235) and in 12.0% of IS group 5-6 (38/316). Notably, in a minority (43/497, 8.7%) of high-grade lesions, characteristics of both transforming HPV infection (DNA hypermethylation) and Abbreviations: ACTB, ß-actin; CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; Ct value, cycle threshold value; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; E4, panHPVE4 protein; FAM19A4, family with sequence similarity 19 (chemokine [C-C]-motif)-like) member A4 ; FFPE, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded; H&E, haematoxylin and eosin; HPV, human papillomavirus; IS, immunoscore; LLETZ, large-loop excision of the transformation zone; miR124-2, microRNA 124-2; mAb, mouse monoclonal antibodies.Frederique J. Vink and Stèfanie Dick contributed equally to this work.