One sentence summary: 2Previously unreported forest areas in dryland biomes increase current estimates of the 3 global forest cover by at least 9 %. 4 List of authors:

Five infants, three girls and two boys, first had convulsions between the ages of 4 and 6 months. Although the aetiology of the attacks was unknown, all the infants had a family history of similar convulsions occurring at the same age and having a benign outcome. The attacks, which always occurred in a cluster, were promptly controlled, in four cases with phenobarbital and in one case with valproate. Seizures were partial with secondary generalization and were characterized by head and eye deviation (not always the same side in each attack) diffuse hypertonia and then bilateral limb jerks. The interictal EEG was normal. The ictal EEG showed diffuse discharge with onset in the central-occipital region. Laboratory, radiological and neurological findings were normal. A history in at least one paternal relative (the father in four cases) of similar seizures, occurring at the same age suggested a genetic predisposition. No seizures or EEG anomalies were observed during the follow up.

Summary:Purpose: Childhood epilepsy with occipital paroxysms (CEOP) is characterised by ictal visual hallucinations and occipital epileptiform activity on interictal EEG. A variant has been described with nonvisual symptoms including tonic head and eye deviation, vomiting, and episodes of partial status epilepticus. We fully documented the electroclinical features of such patients to determine whether classification separate from CEOP is justified.Methods: This was a multicentre study with participating investigators submitting details of patients with idiopathic occipital seizures characterised by ictal head or eye deviation and vomiting.Results: One hundred thirteen patients were recruited. Seizures began in early childhood (mean, 4.6 years) and occurred infrequently (mean total seizures, 3); 30% of patients had only a single seizure. Two thirds of seizures were nocturnal. Ictal eye deviation occurred in 79%, vomiting in 70%, and head deviation in 35%. Seizures were predominantly complex partial in type. Partial status epilepticus occurred in 44% of patients. Seventy-four percent of patients had occipital interictal EEG epileptiform activity, predominantly right sided, with fixationoff sensitivity. Extraoccipital EEG abnormalities occurred in 35% of patients. Prognosis was excellent: the mean duration of active seizures was 1 year.Conclusions: Although the two groups shared identical EEG features, the distinct clinical symptoms probably justify separate classification. Early-onset benign occipital seizure syndrome (EBOSS) is suggested as an appropriate name for the variant group. Key Words: Benign epilepsy-Partial seizures-Occipital seizures-Aversive seizures-Status epilepticus.The syndromic approach to the epilepsies has been a major nosologic advance (1,2). In children with and without seizures, occipital spikes that disappear with age were noted by Gibbs et al. more common form of benign CEOP occurring in younger children with infrequent, predominantly nocturnal seizures manifested by tonic deviation of the eyes and vomiting and often first seen as partial motor status epilepticus. Despite similar accounts by others (16-23), recognition of this early-onset variant of CEOP has been delayed. Furthermore, reservations have been expressed about the benign character of CEOP after reports that EEG occipital abnormalities related to the eyes-closed state may also occur in lesional epilepsies (24-26), in the visually impaired (27), and in normal children (28).The purpose of this report is to document fully the clinical features of occipital childhood epilepsy characterised by ictal tonic deviation of the eyes and vomiting, rather than with ictal visual hallucinations, to determine whether these are sufficiently distinctive to warrant classification separate from CEOP. METHODThe study was a collaborative project: Participating investigators collected details of patients with idiopathicoccipital seizures seen over the last 10-to 20-year period. Inclusion criteria were the occurrence of occipital seizures characterise...

Subcortical laminar heterotopia (SCLH), or 'double cortex', is a cortical dysgenesis disorder associated with a defect in neuronal migration. Clinical manifestations are epilepsy and mental retardation. This disorder, which mainly affects females, can be inherited in a single pedigree with lissencephaly, a more severe disease which affects the male individuals. This clinical entity has been described as X-SCLH/LIS syndrome. Recently we have demonstrated that the doublecortin gene, which is localized on the X chromosome, is implicated in this disorder. We have now performed a systematic mutation analysis of doublecortin in 11 unrelated females with SCLH (one familial and 10 sporadic cases) and have identified mutations in 10/11 cases. The sequence differences include nonsense, splice site and missense mutations and these were found throughout the gene. These results provide strong evidence that loss of function of doublecortin is the major cause of SCLH. The absence of phenotype-genotype correlations suggests that X-inactivation patterns of neuronal precursor cells are likely to contribute to the variable clinical severity of this disorder in females.

Collect Earth is a free and open source software for land monitoring developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Built on Google desktop and cloud computing technologies, Collect Earth facilitates access to multiple freely available archives of satellite imagery, including archives with very high spatial resolution imagery (Google Earth, Bing Maps) and those with very high temporal resolution imagery (e.g., Google Earth Engine, Google Earth Engine Code Editor). Collectively, these archives offer free access to an unparalleled amount of information on current and past land dynamics for any location in the world. Collect Earth draws upon these archives and the synergies of imagery of multiple resolutions to enable an innovative method for land monitoring that we present here: augmented visual interpretation. In this study, we provide a full overview of Collect Earth's structure and functionality, and we present the methodology used to undertake land monitoring through augmented visual interpretation. To illustrate the application of the tool and its customization potential, an example of land monitoring in Papua New Guinea (PNG) is presented. The PNG example demonstrates that Collect Earth is a comprehensive and user-friendly tool for land monitoring and that it has the potential to be used to assess land use, land use change, natural disasters, sustainable management of scarce resources and ecosystem functioning. By enabling non-remote sensing experts to assess more than 100 sites per day, we believe that Collect Earth can be used to rapidly and sustainably build capacity for land monitoring and to substantively improve our collective understanding of the world's land use and land cover.