To study the clinical presentation, treatment and outcome of southern Chinese patients with Takayasu's arteritis (TA). This is a retrospective chart review study of 78 patients managed in 14 public hospitals in Hong Kong between the years 2000 and 2010. Patients were identified from the hospital registry using the ICD-10 diagnostic code of the disease. The classification of TA was based on the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) or modified Ichikawa's criteria. Demographic data, clinical presentation, angiographic findings, pattern of vascular involvement (Numano's classification), treatment and outcome of these patients were presented. 78 patients were studied (82% women, age at presentation 34.2 ± 14 years). The estimated point prevalence of TA was 11/million population. The commonest initial manifestations were hypertension (62%) and vascular ischemic symptoms (38%). Systemic symptoms occurred in nine (12%) patients only. The proportion of patients fulfilling the angiographic subtypes of the Numano's classification was: types I (13%), IIa (4%), IIb (12%), III (12%), IV (20%) and V (39%), respectively. Thirty-two patients (41%) were treated with high-dose glucocorticoids (GCs) and 22 patients (28%) received additional non-GC immunosuppressive drugs. Vascular complications occurred in 26 (33%) patients and revascularization surgery was performed in 23(29%) patients. Three (4%) patients died of vascular complication at a median of 8 years after disease onset. TA is rare in southern Chinese patients of Hong Kong. Most patients present with ischemic symptoms during the stenotic phase of the disease. Although mortality is low, a significant proportion of patients developed vascular stenosis that required surgical interventions. More awareness of TA as a differential diagnosis of non-specific systemic symptoms with elevated inflammatory markers in younger patients is needed for earlier diagnosis.

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Objectives To compare the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), cancer and infective complications in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients using the JAK (JAKis) and TNF inhibitors (TNFis). Method A retrospective analysis of data from the Hong Kong Biologics Registry 2008–2021 was performed. RA patients who had ever used JAKis or TNFis were included. The incidence of MACEs, cancer and infections were compared between the two groups, with adjustment for confounding factors. Results A total of 2471 courses of JAKis (n = 551) and TNFis (N = 1920) were used in 1732 RA patients (83.7% women, age 53.8 ± 12.5 years; follow-up 6431 patient-years). JAKi users had significantly older age, more atherosclerotic risk factors and higher frequency of past malignancies. A total of 15 and 40 MACEs developed in the JAKi and TNFi users, respectively (incidence 1.34 vs 0.75 per 100 patient-years; p= 0.22). There was no significant difference in the incidence of cancers between the two groups (0.81 [JAKi] vs 0.85 [TNFi] per 100 patient-years; p= 0.25). The adjusted hazard ratios of MACE and cancer in the JAKi users were 1.36[0.62–2.96] (p= 0.44) and 0.87[0.39–1.95] (p= 0.74), respectively. Rates of infections were significantly higher in the JAKi than TNFi users (16.3 vs 9.9 per 100 patient-years; p= 0.02), particularly herpes zoster (3.49 vs 0.94 per 100 patient-years; p< 0.001). Conclusions In a real-life setting, there is no increase in MACEs or cancers in users of the JAKis compared with the TNFis. However, the incidence of non-serious infections, including herpes zoster, was increased in users of the JAKis.

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The vertebral column is the most common site of osteoporotic fracture in older individuals and in those using long-term glucocorticoids. Vertebral compression fracture leads to significant morbidities such as acute and chronic pain, spinal deformities and neurological complications, resulting in reduced mobility and quality of life. As a previous vertebral compression fracture is a strong risk factor for further fragility fractures and mortality, it should be treated appropriately. This article reviews the management of osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture and provides evidence-based treatment options.