Hospital or Health facility acquired infections referred to as Nosocomial Infections are health care-associated infections that remain an important Provider/patient safety issue and represent a significant adverse outcome of the health care system. The topic of infection prevention is very important in reducing health costs and the impact of infections among patients in rural health centres. The main objective of this study is to assess the Knowledge Attitude and Practices on prevention of Infection Prevention among health care providers in rural health centres in Chibombo District in Central Province of Zambia. A descriptive cross sectional study of the knowledge, attitude and practice of infection prevention among health care providers in 31rural health centres of Chibombo district was carried out. Sample size proportional was calculated, and inclusion was done by using simple random sampling in order to make the calculated overall sample size. Data was obtained through structured, self-administered questionnaire. Summated scores were used to grade respondents' knowledge attitudes and practices of Infection Prevention among health care providers in rural health centres in Chibombo District. Data analysis was done using the Statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21, presented using descriptive statistics of frequencies, percentages, pie chart. Inferential statistics of Chi-square was used to test for associations between various factors and the knowledge, attitude and practices of Infection Prevention among health care providers in rural health facilities of Chibombo. A total of 94 (62.7%) out of 150 respondents had high level of knowledge while, considerable proportion of 55 (36.7%) out of 150 respondents had poor knowledge. Almost one-third (26%) had poor Practice meanwhile all the respondents150 (100%) had a positive attitude toward infection prevention. There was statistical significant association between profession of health workers, and practice of health care providers towards Infection prevention (P<0.05). On other hand, there was no significant association between knowledge, practice of Infection Prevention among health care providers in rural health facilities of Chibombo, and age, sex, marital status, religion or duration of work for the respondents (P>0.05). There is need for the government to consistently provide monthly grant allocation to support in-service training, enforce IP guidelines, purchase of sterilizers, PPEs, increase supervision of IP activities to all rural health facilities in Chibombo district through their committees.

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HIV/AIDS remains a global public health issue which has claimed an estimated of 35 million lives since the start of the epidemic and further 78 million people still living with the virus. Tuberculosis (TB) is a major disease with high incident cases and over 1.3 million deaths recorded in 2012 even with the availability of effective chemotherapy. This survey is a descriptive, cross-sectional quantitative study among 87 enrolled clients attending HIV/TB integrated service at Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, (LASUTH) Lagos in Nigeria. Data collected were analyzed with SPSS version 21 with Chisquare used to test for association. Eighty percent (80) of the HIV clients were female while the TB patients were 41% male. Most of the respondents had only secondary school education and were married as at the time of the survey. Generally, unprotected sexual intercourse with a HIV infected person is the most known mode of spreading HIV among respondents. Majority of the respondents receives treatment for both TB and HIV in the same facility and view antiretrovirals as drugs responsible for preventing death from HIV/AIDS. While over 70% of the respondents agreed to like being visited by healthcare workers, over 60% reported to have never being visited by healthcare workers. The most reported advantages of integrated services for HIV and TB were "save cost for transportation and save time". The survey revealed good knowledge about HIV and TB among respondents while also showing that perception about integrated HIV and TB services is welcomed among the respondents. Increasing the number of healthcare workers and incentivizing the approach for healthcare workers were recommended.

The need to prevent vertical transmission of HIV to a new born and the imperativeness of instituting a functional integrated HIV and Tuberculosis (TB) services across health facilities will be a landmark public health intervention that will improve the quality of life of millions. This survey is a descriptive study in which respondents (HIV positive pregnant women enrolled for the prevention of mother to child transmission service) were purposively selected based on consent to participate across multiple points at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital. The 27 respondents participated in the study. About 50% of the respondents were between 18-30 years old with majority having secondary school education or more. The respondents are mostly married and generally knowledgeable about the mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS, TB and antiretrovirals. The major considerations cited by the respondents include; care beyond hospital settings by community health workers (home care and visitation), counseling, health education and promotion, TB screening while "increased stigma & discrimination" and "fear of meeting known persons" were identified as possible disadvantages. The survey revealed and highlighted the key considerations in implementing HIV-TB integrated services into the PMTCT services. Improved training for health workers for effective management of the increased work burden is recommended.

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