A key reaction in the biological and material world is the controlled linking of simple (molecular) building blocks, a reaction with which one can create mesoscopic structures, which. for example, contain cavities and display specifically desired properties, but also compounds that exhibit typical solid-state structures. The best example in this context is the chemistry of host-guest interactions. which spans the entire range from three-and two-dimensional to one-and "zero-dimensional", discrete host structures. Members of the class of multidimensional compounds have been classified as such for a long time, for example, clathrates and intercalation compounds. Thus far, however, there are no classifications for discrete inorganic hostguest compounds. The first systematic approach can be applied to novel polyoxometalates, a class of compounds which has only recently become known. Molecular recognition; tailor-made, molecular engineering; control of fragment linkage of spin organization and crystallization; cryptands and coronands as "cages" for cations, anions or anion-cation aggregates as sections of ionic lattices; anions within anions, receptors; host -guest interactions; complementarity, as well as the dialectic terms reduction and emergence are important terms and concepts of supramolecular inorganic chemistry. Of particular importance for future research is the comprehension of the mesoscopic area (molecular assemblies) -that between individual molecules and solids ("substances") -which acts in the biological world as carrier of function and information and for which interesting material properties are expected. This area is accessible through certain variations of "controlled" selforganization processes, which can be demonstrated by using examples from the chemistry of polyoxometalates. The comprehension of the laws that rule the linking of simple polyhedra to give complex systems enables one to deal with numerous interdisciplinary areas of research: crystal physics and chemistry, heterogeneous catalysis, bioinorganic chemistry (biominerahzation), and materials science. In addition, conservative self-organization processes, for example template-directed syntheses, are of importance for natural philosophy in the context of the question about the inherent properties of material systems.
Complex clusters the size of small proteins can be generated in reduced molybdate solutions by linking defined fragments. An example of this is the giant cluster (NH4)25±5[Mo154(NO)14O420(OH)28(H2O)70]·ca. 350 H2O with a molar mass of more than 30000 gmol−1, the anion of which is shaped like a tire with a nanodimensional cavity more than 20 Å in diameter and has an extremely large inner and outer surface as well as a large number of mobile electrons.
The compounds (NMe4)5[As2Mo8V4AsO40] · 3 H2O 2a, (NH4)21[H3Mo57V6(NO)6O183(H2O)18] · 65 H2O 3a, (NH2Me2)18(NH4)6[Mo57V6(NO)6O183(H2O)18] · 14 H2O 3b and (NH4)12[Mo36(NO)4O108(H2O)16] · 33 H2O 4a (3a and 4a were not correctly reported in the literature regarding to their composition, structures and the oxidation states of the metal centres) which contain large isolated anionic species, have been prepared (among them 3a, 3b, and 4a in rather high yield) and characterized by complete crystal structure analysis as well as IR/Raman, UV/VIS/NIR, ESR spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements, redox titrations, bond valence sum calculations, elemental analyses and thermogravimetric studies. Perspectives for polyoxometalate chemistry referring to the synthesis of “extremely” large nanoscaled species are discussed, together with the occurrence of a large transferable {Mo17} building block in the compounds 3a, 3b and 4a which also exists in the corresponding iron compound Na3(NH4)12[H15Mo57Fe6(NO)6O183(H2O)18] · 76 H2O 7a.
Eine Schlüsselreaktion der belebten und unbelebten Welt ist die gesteuerte Verknüpfung von einfachen (molekularen) Bausteinen, eine Reaktion, mit der man grundsätzlich mesoskopische Gebilde, z.B. solche mit Hohlräumen und beliebigen gewünschten Eigenschaften, erzeugen kann, aber auch Verbindungen mit typischen Festkörperstrukturen. Beispielhaft nutzt diese Reaktion die Wirt‐Gast‐Chemie, die den Bogen von drei‐ und zweidimensionalen zu ein‐ und nulldimensionalen diskreten Wirtstrukturen spannt. Während man zu den mehrdimensionalen Strukturen die schon seit langem bekannten Clathrate und Intercalationsverbindungen zählt, sind diskrete anorganische Wirt‐Gast‐Verbindungen, zu denen auch die Polyoxometallate gehören, bisher nicht klassifiziert worden. Molekulare Erkennung; molekulares „Engineering”︁; Steuerung der Verknüpfung von Fragmenten, der Spinorganisation sowie der Kristallisation; Cryptanden und Coronanden als „Käfige”︁ für Kationen, Anionen‐ und sogar Anionen‐Kationen‐Aggregate (als Ausschnitte aus Ionengittern); Anionen in Anionen; Rezeptoren; Wirt‐Gast‐Wechselwirkungen, Komplementarität sowie das dialektische Begriffspaar Reduktion und Emergenz sind wichtige Begriffe der Supramolekularen Anorganischen Chemie. Von besonderer Bedeutung ist das Verständnis des mesoskopischen Bereiches ‐ desjenigen zwischen einzelnen Molekülen einerseits sowie makroskopischen Molekülverbänden und Festkörpern („Substanzen”︁) andererseits ‐, der in der biologischen Welt als Funktions‐ und Informationsträger dient und für den interessante Materialeigenschaften zu erwarten sind. Dieser Bereich ist durch „gesteuerte”︁ Selbstorganisationsprozesse zugänglich, wie an Schulbeispielen aus der Polyoxometallatchemie gezeigt werden kann. Das Verständnis der Gesetzmäßigkeiten, die der Verknüpfung von einfachen Polyedereinheiten zu komplexen Systemen zugrunde liegen, ermöglicht die Beschäftigung mit zahlreichen interdisziplinären Forschungsgebieten in der Kristallphysik und ‐chemie, der heterogenen Katalyse, der Bioanorganischen Chemie (Biomineralisation) und den Materialwissenschaften. Konservative Selbstorganisationsprozesse, z.B. templatgesteuerte Synthesen, sind zudem für die Naturphilosophie im Zusammenhang mit der Frage nach inhärenten Eigenschaften materieller Systeme von Bedeutung.
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