As both risk and premotor markers are increasingly discussed to play a key role in the pre-diagnostic phase of Parkinson's disease (PD) the aim of this study was to determine the relation between the risk factors hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra (SN+) and/or positive family history of PD (faPD+) and putative premotor markers for PD. In a cross-sectional analysis of data of the PRIPS cohort, 1,149 volunteers older than 50 years free of PD were included. In addition to the risk factors SN+ and faPD+, olfactory dysfunction was tested using the Sniffin' sticks test and motor examination was performed. History of depression and constipation was evaluated by a semi-structured interview. Of all 1,149 individuals, 880 had none of the risk markers (76.6%), 143 persons (12.4%) had SN+, 84 (7.3%) were classified as faPD+ and 42 (3.7%) persons had both risk factors. Volunteers with SN+ showed olfactory dysfunction and mild motor impairment (p ≤ 0.001) more often. Depression was more prominent in individuals having two risk factors (p = 0.05). An accumulation of premotor markers was seen in the SN+ group with or without concomitant faPD+, but not in persons with faPD+ only. The profile of premotor markers seems to differ in participants having SN+ and/or faPD+, with SN+ showing the overall highest association with most premotor markers, which implies that SN+ might be a strong indicator for a neurodegenerative process.
ZusammenfassungDie transkranielle B-Bild-Sonografie (TCS) ist eine Bildgebungsmodalität, die das Hirnparenchym und das intrakranielle Ventrikelsystem bei intakter Schädelkalotte darstellt. Im Vergleich zur Magnetresonanztomografie kann die TCS tiefe echogene Hirnstrukturen mit höherer Bildauflösung darstellen und hat zudem die Vorteile hoher Mobilität, gesundheitlicher Unbedenklichkeit und geringer Störbarkeit durch Patientenbewegungen. Das eigenständige Bildgebungsprinzip der TCS erlaubt die Visualisierung charakteristischer Veränderungen bei diversen neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen, die mit anderen Verfahren nur schwierig darstellbar sind, wie die Hyperechogenität der Substantia nigra bei idiopathischem Parkinson-Syndrom und die Hyperechogenität des Nucleus lentiformis bei atypischen Parkinson-Syndromen. Etablierten Anwendungen der TCS sind das bettseitige Monitoring raumfordernder Läsionen (intrakranielle Blutungen, maligne Hirninfarkte) bei akuten Schlaganfallpatienten, die Früh- und Differenzialdiagnose des Parkinson-Syndroms, und die postoperative Positionskontrolle von Tiefenhirnstimulations-Elektroden. Neue Technologien wie die Echtzeit-MRT-TCS-Fusionsbildgebung und die digitalisierte Bildanalyse versprechen eine breitere Anwendung der TCS in den kommenden Jahren.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.