Dijksterhuis and van Knippenberg (1998) reported that participants primed with a category associated with intelligence ("professor") subsequently performed 13% better on a trivia test than participants primed with a category associated with a lack of intelligence ("soccer hooligans"). In two unpublished replications of this study designed to verify the appropriate testing procedures, Dijksterhuis, van Knippenberg, and Holland observed a smaller difference between conditions (2%-3%) as well as a gender difference: Men showed the effect (9.3% and 7.6%), but women did not (0.3% and -0.3%). The procedure used in those replications served as the basis for this multilab Registered Replication Report. A total of 40 laboratories collected data for this project, and 23 of these laboratories met all inclusion criteria. Here we report the meta-analytic results for those 23 direct replications (total N = 4,493), which tested whether performance on a 30-item general-knowledge trivia task differed between these two priming conditions (results of supplementary analyses of the data from all 40 labs, N = 6,454, are also reported). We observed no overall difference in trivia performance between participants primed with the "professor" category and those primed with the "hooligan" category (0.14%) and no moderation by gender.

Nicotine is one of the most addictive drugs of abuse. Tobacco smoking is a major cause of many health problems, and is the first preventable cause of death worldwide. Several findings show that nicotine exerts significant aversive as well as the well-known rewarding motivational effects. Less certain is the anatomical substrate that mediates or enables nicotine aversion. Here, we show that acute nicotine induces anxiogenic-like effects in rats at the doses investigated (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.), as measured by the hole-board apparatus and manifested in behaviors such as decreased rearing and head-dipping and increased grooming. No changes in locomotor behavior were observed at any of the nicotine doses given. T-pattern analysis of the behavioral outcomes revealed a drastic reduction and disruption of complex behavioral patterns induced by all three nicotine doses, with the maximum effect for 1 mg/kg. Lesion of the lateral habenula (LHb) induced hyperlocomotion and, strikingly, reversed the nicotine-induced anxiety obtained at 1 mg/kg to an anxiolytic-like effect, as shown by T-pattern analysis. We suggest that the LHb is critically involved in emotional behavior states and in nicotine-induced anxiety, most likely through modulation of monoaminergic nuclei.

IntroductionTeenage conception rates remain high in the UK despite the many local programmes set up to halve conception rates in under-16-year-olds by the year 2000. 1 In England nearly 90 000 conceptions occur in teenagers per year: 7700 to girls aged under 16 years. 2 The Acheson report described the social, economic and cultural determinants of health which lead to inequalities in health. 3 The report recognised that inequalities predispose disadvantaged young people to unintended conceptions. Others 4 have attributed the high rates of teenage conception in the UK to young people's low expectations, ignorance of contraception, not knowing what is involved in forming relationships and parenting, and mixed messages about sexuality from the media and society in general.We need to develop ways to reduce unplanned teenage pregnancy rates that take account of these reports, 3,4 as well as understanding that risk-seeking behaviour is a normal part of adolescence. Little research has been undertaken to determine young people's views about the effectiveness of interventions or to maximise involvement of young people in decision-making about the delivery, or content, of education-based programmes or service provision. Published reviews of the effectiveness of interventions and programmes aimed at reducing unintended conceptions in young people do not appear to recognise this omission. 5,6 We set out to compare the views of young people themselves and professionals about what might constitute effective approaches to reducing the frequency of teenage pregnancy. We sought to derive professionals' and young people's consensus views by employing a modified Delphi technique for each subject group.The Delphi process is recognised as a useful way to determine health needs. The Delphi process is a systematic attempt to produce a consensus by collecting statements from a panel of 'experts' on a specific issue. 7 The anonymity of panel members and their statements is guaranteed, so that members do not confer with each other. This process assesses the extent of agreement among the panel by collating the statements and sending them to each expert, who is asked to reconsider their position and respond by post. All opinions are again collated and this process is repeated until consensus is reached. Key message pointsYoung people differ from professionals working in the field in their ideas about what might work to reduce teenage pregnancy rates. Lack of young people's involvement in planning to reduce teenage pregnancy rates is likely to lead to initiatives that are not appropriate for young people from diverse backgrounds. Young people think that person-centred initiatives will be more successful; professionals emphasise a young population approach by education and the re-organisation of contraceptive and sexual health service provision.

The goal of this pilot program was to test the usefulness of adapted Problem-Solving Therapy (PST) and anxiety management, called PROTECT, integrated into elder abuse services to reduce depression and improve self-efficacy. Depressed women victims were randomized to receive elder abuse resolution services combined with either PROTECT or a mental health referral. At follow-up, the PROTECT group showed greater reduction in depressive symptoms and endorsed greater improved self-efficacy in problem-solving when compared to those in the Referral condition. These preliminary findings support the potential usefulness of PROTECT to alleviate depressive symptoms and enhance personal resources among abused older women.

Regulation of normal or abnormal behaviour is critically controlled by the central serotonergic systems. Recent evidence has suggested that serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission dysfunction contributes to a variety of pathological conditions, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and Parkinson's disorders. There is also a great amount of evidence indicating that 5-HT signalling may affect the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse by the interaction and modulation of dopamine (DA) function. This chapter is focused on one of the more addictive drugs, nicotine. It is widely recognised that the effects of nicotine are strongly associated with the stimulatory action it exhibits on mesolimbic DAergic function. We outline the role of 5-HT and its plethora of receptors, focusing on 5-HT 2 subtypes with relation to their involvement in the neurobiology of nicotine addiction. We also explore the novel pharmacological approaches using 5-HT agents for the treatment of nicotine dependence. Compelling evidence shows that 5-HT 2C receptor agonists may be possible therapeutic targets for smoking cessation, although further investigation is required.