Previous research has suggested that physically attractive people experience more positive life outcomes than do unattractive people. However, the importance of physical attractiveness in everyday life may vary depending on the extent to which different cultural worlds afford or require individual choice in the construction and maintenance of personal relationships. The authors hypothesized that attractiveness matters more for life outcomes in settings that promote voluntaristic-independent constructions of relationship as the product of personal choice than it does in settings that promote embedded-interdependent constructions of relationship as an environmental affordance. Study 1 examined self-reported outcomes of attractive and unattractive persons. Study 2 examined expectations about attractive and unattractive targets. Results provide support for the hypothesis along four dimensions: national context, relationship context, rural-urban context, and experimental manipulation of relationship constructions. These patterns suggest that the importance of physical attractiveness documented by psychological research is the product of particular constructions of reality.

Objective. To compare learning outcomes achieved from a pharmaceutical calculations course taught in a traditional lecture (lecture model) and a flipped classroom (flipped model). Methods. Students were randomly assigned to the lecture model and the flipped model. Course instructors, content, assessments, and instructional time for both models were equivalent. Overall group performance and pass rates on a standardized assessment (Pcalc OSCE) were compared at six weeks and at six months post-course completion. Results. Student mean exam scores in the flipped model were higher than those in the lecture model at six weeks and six months later. Significantly more students passed the OSCE the first time in the flipped model at six weeks; however, this effect was not maintained at six months. Conclusion. Within a 6 week course of study, use of a flipped classroom improves student pharmacy calculation skill achievement relative to a traditional lecture andragogy. Further study is needed to determine if the effect is maintained over time.

The glycemic control of patients with diabetes in a physician-supervised, pharmacist-managed primary care clinic was compared with that of patients receiving standard care in the same health care system. We retrospectively analyzed the glycemic control of 87 men with type 1 or type 2 diabetes whose diabetes-related drug therapy was managed by clinical pharmacists compared with a control group of 85 similar patients whose care was not augmented by clinical pharmacists. Primary outcomes were differences in fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) levels between groups. Secondary outcomes were relative risk (RR) for achieving an A1C of 7% or below, frequency of diabetes-related scheduled and unscheduled clinic visits, and frequency of hypoglycemic events. The study group had 864 clinic visits and the control group had 712 between October 1997 and June 2000. No statistical differences were noted in FBG or A1C between groups. The RR of achieving an A1C of 7% or below was significantly higher in the study cohort (RR 5.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.62-10.26). The frequency of hypoglycemic events did not differ between groups. The mean +/- SD frequency of unscheduled diabetes-related clinic visits/patient/year was higher in the control group (1.33 +/- 3.74) than in the study group (0.11 +/- 0.46, p = 0.003). Pharmacist-managed diabetes care was effective in improving glycemic control and was not associated with an increased risk for hypoglycemic events or unscheduled diabetes-related clinic visits.

In this chapter, we outline a cultural psychology approach to relationship research. Although approaches vary (see Chapters 4 and 9, this volume), cultural psychology perspectives generally emphasize the idea of "mind in context" (Adams, Salter, Pickett, Kurtis ¸, & Phillips, 2010, p. 278): how habits of mind embodied in person exist in a dynamic relationship of mutual constitution with affordances for mind inscribed in local worlds. Resonating with ecological perspectives on relationship (e.g., Chapter 7, this volume), one theme of a cultural psychology analysis emphasizes the sociocultural constitution of psychological experience: the extent to which species-typical tendencies of human experience do not emerge "just naturally" but instead require engagement with the particular affordances available in different cultural ecologies. From this perspective, organism-based habits of relationship are not only the expression of genetically encoded, inherited potential, but also develop as people engage with socially constructed scaffolding or tools for relationship embedded in the structure of everyday cultural worlds. Resonating with constructivist perspectives on relationship (Ross & Nisbett, 1991; Chapters 6 and 10, this volume), the other theme of a cultural psychology analysis emphasizes the psychological constitution of sociocultural reality: the extent to which everyday ecologies likewise are not "just natural" but instead are the product of human action. As people form relationships according to their own context-informed inclinations, they reproduce relationship realities into which they inscribe their understandings of what is right and good (Chapter 9, this volume). An important implication is that humans do not inhabit a natural environment but instead develop within cultural ecologies that bear traces of previous actors' relationship experience.We first discuss how a cultural psychology analysis provides two strategies for decolonizing relationship research. We then illustrate these strategies with empirical examples from research in West African and North American settings. For each example, we first apply the "normalizing" strategy of a cultural psychology analysis to consider how patterns that mainstream research portrays as abnormal instead constitute time-tested wisdom about healthy relationship. We then apply the "denaturalizing" strategy of a cultural psychology analysis to illuminate typically neglected, sociocultural foundations of relationship (including historical and political-economic forces) in worlds that inform conventional scientific wisdom. 49