Psychobiography is best understood as a branch of applied personality science in which experimental findings are used to explore the lives and personalities of public figures, from artists to politicians. This article introduces the field, addresses questions commonly raised about it, and explores, among other subjects, what psychobiographical research might offer to the field of psychology. Two recent model psychobiographies are described in detail-McAdams's (2010) profile of George W. Bush and Kasser's (2013) analysis of John Lennon-both of which are oriented scientifically and rooted in experimentally derived concepts. Lastly, criteria for evaluating psychobiographical studies are summarized, as well as attributes of effective psychobiography that tend to include the components of fact, fit, and function. (PsycINFO Database Record

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CitationThe increased use of computed tomography (CT) has raised concerns regarding the radiation dose received by radiosensitive organs. It is important that practical and reliable dose reduction strategies are implemented to reduce patient radiation exposure. Aims: The purpose of this article is to evaluate the current clinical use and effectiveness of bismuth shielding as a dose reduction technique and assess its impact on image quality, in an attempt to develop a recommendation for dose reduction in CT. Methods: A systematic review of current literature was conducted using the PubMed and Scopus databases. A total of 50 relevant articles were thoroughly assessed and evaluated.Results: This review found that whilst bismuth shielding proves to provide significant dose reductions to radiosensitive organs, numerous concerns exist including wasted radiation, reduced image quality and unpredictable results when combined with AEC. Alternative methods such as tube current modulation and iterative reconstruction algorithms can provide equivalent dose savings at superior image quality, without the limitations of bismuth shields. Conclusion: Until these alternative methods become available in all departments, bismuth shielding remains a viable dose reduction strategy.

I n 2016, 270 204 people in Canada (excluding Quebec) were admitted to hospital for heart conditions, stroke and vascular cognitive impairment, including 107 391 women and 162 813 men, of whom 91 524 died. 1 This equates to 1 out of every 3 deaths in Canada and outpaces other diseases; 13% more people die of heart conditions, stroke or vascular cognitive impairment than die from all cancers combined. 1 The benefits of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) for secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease are well established. In contrast, although low-dose ASA therapy for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease was once commonly recommended, this practice is now being reconsidered in light of recent evidence. Three large randomized controlled trials on primary prevention found no net benefit of ASA for prevention of cardiovascular events or mortality in healthy older adults (defined in the ASPREE [Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly] trial as > 65 yr) or persons with diabetes or other risk factors. 2-4 Moreover, 2 recent systematic reviews incorporating the evidence from these trials provided somewhat conflicting results. 5,6 Both found that the risk of major bleeding events was significantly increased in participants receiving ASA. However, 1 systematic review found that the use of ASA did not reduce the risk of all-cause mortality or ischemic stroke, 6 while the other reported that ASA did reduce the risk of a composite of cardiovascular mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke and ischemic stroke. 5 With greater awareness of the risks and benefits of ASA, overall lower rates of cardiovascular events in contemporary populations compared with those in older studies, and conflicting recommendations in guidelines and systematic reviews, clinicians are increasingly uncertain about the role of ASA for primary prevention. 2 The actual number of people in Canada who are taking ASA prophylactically (either as prescribed by a health professional or of their own volition) is not known, although it is likely substantial. A US study reported results from a public poll that found 29 million people were taking ASA in that country, with 23% doing so without a physician's recommendation. 7