15:38 UTCJSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. results support the hypothesis that at least some consumers are reading nutritional labeling to obtain RDA information. IV. ConclusionsThe estimation of hedonic price functions for durable goods has proved to be a useful methodology. In this paper, we applied the methodology to breakfast cereals, a nondurable good. We expect that for many nondurable goods, information describing the goods' characteristics will be lacking and hedonic price esti- A microcomputer has potentially widespread use in a farming operation, e.g., for hedging and forward contracting, controlling irrigation systems and livestock feeders, keeping farm records, preparing tax returns, and determining least-cost input combinations. Purchased computer services do, however, tend to be tailored to particular needs, e.g., record-keeping and management of dairy herds.Most uses for computers and computer services involve data that are specific to individual farm operations, i.e., private data. Although public data are generally available at minimal direct cost, the survey on which this study is based suggests that few farmers incorporate this type of information explicitly into their information systems (Yarbrough and Scherer, 1984).Instead, farmers seem to focus on data about inputs they utilize and the outputs they produce, including their prices. The Econometrics of Joint AdoptionThe vector of unknown coefficients, and ,j is a random disturbance term. There are four possible outcomes: j = 1 when neither computer technology is adopted, j = 2 when only purchased computer services are adopted, j = 3 when only a microcomputer is adopted, and j = 4 when both computer technologies are When the random disturbance Aj has density function f(A) = exp(-j -eli) and distribution function F(Aj < A) = exp(-e -), the probability that the ith The available data for defining the Z's do not contain farm-specific prices but do contain information on environmental variables that enter the profit function.2Output and input prices are not expected to be a major factor for explaining adoption when farmers in the sample are located in a relatively small geographic area.'Other studies include Mansfield (1963);Romeo (1975);and Bartel and Lichtenberg (1987 An increase in farmer's age causes a reduction in the probability of adopting all combinations of computer technologies. The marginal effect of age is linear in AGE and is evaluated at the sample mean. An additional year of age reduces the loge odds of adoption by 2.5% to 3.5% for joint technologies (relative to nonadoption) evaluated at the sample mean. Thus, the results suggest that the probability of adopting computer technology by farmers is largest for the youngest farmers, o...

translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Vervet monkeys have been studied for decades, with important work on their alarm calling behaviour and cognitive capacities, but comparatively little is known about how their vocal behaviour is affected by the social environment. Signal production is always linked to costs, including attracting the attention of predators. Evolutionary theory predicts that call production must confer some type of benefit to the caller, either by favouring the caller itself or important social partners, such as kin or strongly bonded partners. Identifying the benefit, thus, becomes equivalent with identifying the call’s function. The aim of this thesis was to investigate vocal communication of wild vervet monkeys in three specific situations. First, using natural observations, I examined the general pattern of grunt production, an acoustic greeting signal produced during close dyadic encounters. I found that grunts were produced in seemingly strategic ways, by drawing the attention of valuable partners in ways that increased the caller’s chances of survival in situations of elevated predation risks. Second, using natural and experimental situations, I studied the acoustic structure of screams given during agonistic interactions. I found that screams varied according to the identity and social role of signallers (aggressors vs. victims), as well as the severity of the conflict (mild vs. severe). I concluded that such information could be crucial for bystanders to take decisions as to whether or not to intervene in a fight. Finally, looking at competitive feeding situations, I examined subjects’ screaming behaviour when approached by other group members as a function of their presumed social expectations. Here, in addition to suggesting an understanding of social expectations from an early age, my results also suggest that only adult females appeared to have a fully developed awareness and will to recognise and protest against other group members that committed violations of physical and social norms. In sum, my results demonstrated that the social environment affected vervet monkey call production in three different social situations, highlighting the importance of the social context when studying animal communication. My results have some wider implications, also regarding the evolution of human language. Humans routinely make use of vocal behaviour to inform ignorant recipients of relevant external events, suggesting that research on audience-awareness, and social influence on vocal communication more generally, is essential in making progress in understanding human evolution. Finally, I discuss my findings in light of possible future investigations, such as the use of multi-modal signals, call combinations and deceptive signalling.

US farmers and ranchers have actively pursued markets in foreign countries for their products since the 1970s. This priority was reflected by the US Congress in 1978 enacting the first set of laws establishing programs aimed at promoting US agricultural exports. In 1986, the US government initiated its first trade negotiations, with the government of Canada, with the express goal of liberalizing access in that market to all US food and agricultural exports. Since that time, the US government has completed free trade agreements with 20 countries, six in DR-CAFTA, 13 in bilateral agreements and adding Mexico to create NAFTA. The US government also devotes considerable resources to detecting and combatting unfair barriers to trade, through informal channels as well as through WTO dispute settlements. However, these tools primarily focus on capturing larger slices of existing markets. To generate better returns, we need to focus more energy on efforts to generate increased demand in developing countries, by helping their agricultural economies prosper. Once those economies are growing, the other tools can be utilized.

No abstract