The association between low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is well-established, with an emphasis on lowering LDL-C levels to reduce cardiovascular events. Statin therapy has been the traditional treatment for LDL-C reduction, in addition to lifestyle modifications, but studies have shown that a substantial proportion of patients does not reach target LDL-C goals despite receiving maximally tolerated statin medications. Additionally, statin therapy is associated with a few shortcomings as many patients initiated on these medications discontinue treatment within 1 year because of lack of tolerability. Furthermore, guidelines from both the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association highlight the importance of obtaining LDL-C goals because of the residual atherosclerotic CVD risk that remains in high-risk populations. That the residual cardiovascular risk remains despite statin therapy highlights the importance of evaluating therapeutic approaches that possess effective lipid lowering that can be used adjunctively with statins. Much focus has been directed towards the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) pathway, leading to the development of evolocumab and alirocumab, two human monoclonal antibodies directed against PCSK9. These agents have been shown to markedly decrease LDL-C levels and significantly reduce cardiovascular risk, but the need for biweekly or monthly subcutaneous injections has generated concerns for patient compliance. A new pathway is being studied in which a synthetic small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) targets the PCSK9 gene expressed in hepatocytes to prevent PCSK9 production. The siRNA, inclisiran sodium, significantly reduces hepatic production of PCSK9, causing a marked reduction in LDL-C levels, and exhibits sustained pharmacodynamic effects when dosed subcutaneously every 6 months. This review presents and discusses the current clinical and scientific evidence pertaining to inclisiran sodium.

There are numerous treatment options currently available for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; however, a multitude of patients continue to have inadequately controlled glycemic levels with their current antihyperglycemic regimen. Furthermore, the American Diabetes Association guidelines increasingly highlight the importance of multifactorial management and optimizing medication regimens that include cardiovascular, renal, and/or weight benefits in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists belong to a novel class of type 2 diabetes mellitus agents that are becoming increasingly prevalent owing to their ability to improve glycemic status without the risk of hypoglycemia. Currently, there are three US Food and Drug Administration-approved glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, subcutaneous semaglutide, dulaglutide, and liraglutide, that also have an indication for reducing major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and established cardiovascular disease. However, these agents are not often the first options because of their subcutaneous administration. Nevertheless, co-formulation of oral semaglutide with an absorption enhancer has shown to increase its bioavailability and has made its oral absorption possible. In the PIONEER trials, oral semaglutide effectively lowered blood glucose levels, and showed benefits on weight and cardiovascular outcomes; however, there is no Food and Drug Administration indication approved yet as the SOUL trial is still ongoing. Such characteristics of oral semaglutide may improve and increase its use compared to subcutaneous agents and possibly lead to earlier cardiovascular protection in addition to achieving glycemic control.

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