a b s t r a c tThe creation of age-friendly environments worldwide has been promoted by the World Health Organization as a strategy to address the challenges posed by the converging trends of urbanisation and population. This has resulted in an increased discussed of strategies and initiatives which ensure policies, services and products meet the needs of older persons. This article aims to examine the current evidence of approaches and interventions used to create age-friendly cities and communities identified in recent research and practice. This review identified clear characteristics that contribute towards an agefriendly city. Multi-stakeholder collaborations, government commitment, inclusion of older persons and policies that tackled both the physical and social environments were key factors that contributed towards approaches and interventions used to create age-friendly cities and communities. The characteristics of age-friendly initiatives identified provide a promising basis for the development of ageing policy and planning globally to make cities more supportive of older people.

Background: The "learning health system" has been proposed to deliver better outcomes for patients and communities by analyzing routinely captured health information and feeding back results to clinical staff. This approach has been piloted in the Connected Health Cities (CHC) programme in four regions in the North of England. This paper presents the results of the evaluation of this program conducted between February and December 2018.Methods: Fifty nine semistructured interviews were completed with a mix of CHC programme staff and external partners who had contributed to the delivery of the CHC programme. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. This also included the review of project documentation including project reports and minutes of project group meetings, in addition to a short online survey that was completed by 31 members of CHC programme staff. Data were analyzed thematically.Results: Two overarching themes emerged through the thematic analysis of participant interview: (a) challenges in the implementation of learning health system pathways, and (b) benefits to the CHC approach for both staff and patients. In particular, time constraints in delivering an ambitious program of work, data quality, and accessibility, as well as the long-term sustainability of the CHC programme were noted as key challenges in implementing a LHS at scale. Conclusions:The findings from this evaluation provide valuable insight into creating learning health system at scale, including the potential benefits and likely challenges. K E Y W O R D S evaluation, learning health system, LHS infrastructure, quality improvement 1 | INTRODUCTION The use of routinely collected health and social care data has the potential to drive forward improvements in health outcomes. 1-3 This is especially important in the United Kingdom where an aging population increases in life expectancy and rapidly changing patterns of

In England, UK, there has been an overall decline in the use of residential care for children over the years. The aim of this systematic review was to review literature concerning children placed in residential care to investigate whether this setting can meet the often complex needs of children and to explore how residential care fits in the care system today. A comprehensive search strategy was used in nine electronic databases. Studies identified were independently assessed for eligibility by two authors using a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were extracted from the final set of studies using a data-extraction tool. A thematic analysis was then conducted. The findings of the review highlighted that residential care is an important part of the care system and can have both a positive and negative effect on children's emotional, behavioural and social development, as well as their mental health and academic progress. The main recommendations from this systematic review are that staff should have further training in mental health awareness. Furthermore, there should be an increase in individual support for children, whilst attachments and bonds between staff and children should be enhanced and encouraged.