The second year of method development work was conducted on the ADTI-WP1 (Humidity Cell) and the ADTI-WP2 (Leaching Column) standard test methods. The performance of the leaching column method was superior to the humidity cell method. In making improvements to the leaching column method, variations in column diameter and water-handling/gas-handling procedures were evaluated. Two commercial laboratories and a university research lab participated in the study. Relative percent differences between duplicate samples and relative standard deviations between laboratories were evaluated. Surface area measurements, using BET methods, were conducted on each of 8 particle size classes, before and after weathering tests on 4 different lithologic samples. Observed alkalinity concentrations were consistent with the elevated PCO 2 and approached saturation with respect to calcite for calcareous rocks. The maximum concentrations of acidity (33,700 mg/L), sulfates (37,404 mg/L) and iron (9,120 mg/L) for the high-sulfur coal refuse sample were consistent with the maximum concentrations observed in the field. The measured surface areas of the shale samples were significantly higher than the sandstone, limestone and coalrefuse samples. However, the surface area measurements post-weathering were not significantly different from the pre-weathering measurements for most rock samples and most particle size classes.
The Acid Drainage Technology Initiative (ADTI) was initiated in 1995 by federal agencies, the National Mining Association and the Interstate Mining Compact Commission to identify, evaluate and develop cost-effective and practical acid drainage technologies. In 1999, ADTI was expanded through the addition of the metal mining sector, which is focused on drainage quality issues related to metal mines. ADTI addresses drainage quality issues from abandoned, active, and future coal and metal mines. The guiding principle of ADTI is to build consensus among industry, federal and state regulatory agencies on acid drainage technology development and technology transfer issues. ADTI is focusing its efforts on mine drainage prediction, sampling/monitoring, modeling and avoidance/remediation. ADTI is not a regulatory or policy development program. ADTI includes the Coal Mining Sector and the Metal Mining Sector under the overall guidance of the ADTI Operations Committee. The Operations Committee consists of representatives from industry, state and federal government and academia. The Coal Mining Sector recently formed a number of groups to address a wide range of topics. The following groups have been formed: Water Quality, Coal Combustion By-Products (CCBs), Underground Mining, Passive Treatment, Technology Transfer. White papers have been prepared on 18 topics that are currently being studied. The Metal Mining Sector includes a steering committee and work groups on prediction, sampling and monitoring, modeling, mitigation, and pit lakes. The Metal Mining Sector has a committee that works with the Questa mine of Molycorp in the review of the waste rock pile study.
In 1995, the U.S. Office of Surface Mining (OSM) and the National Mine Land Reclamation Center (NMLRC) joined with the Interstate Mining Compact Commission, the National Mining Association, academia, and other Federal agencies to form the Acid Drainage Technology Initiative (ADTI). The ADTI partnership seeks to identify, evaluate and develop "best science" based practices to prevent new acid mine drainage sources and eliminate existing sources. The ADTI partnership developed a management structure to oversee the program and developed action plans to address key technical areas. The ADTI organization consists of a coal mining sector, a metal mining sector and a secretariat, overseen by an Operations Committee. The coal mining sector of ADTI is divided into a prediction working group and an avoidance and remediation working group to implement and coordinate the research strategy. This paper summarizes the results of the coal mining sector efforts since the completion of the avoidance and remediation, and prediction handbooks in 1998 and 2000, respectively, and the status of current activities. The activities have included field verification of acid drainage predictions using acid-base accounting, monitoring and follow up evaluation of acid mine drainage passive and in-situ treatment systems, developing standardized kinetic testing protocols, flooded underground mine pools, and issues related to elevated selenium in streams associated with surface mines.
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Geomorphology is the study of the earth's surface, its processes, the magnitude and frequency of those processes and the relationship between geomorphic processes and landform.Rate is a fundamental concept in geomorphology and rates vary greatly in time and space. Stability, in a geomorphic sense, is a state in which slight perturbations of the landscape are damped to return to the original state and do not lead to a progression.toward a new equilibrium. Landscapes tend toward stability.Hillslopes are the inclined part of the land surface and are the product of hillslope processes. For natural systems, in the short-term, hillslope form governs process, but in the long-term, process determines form. In reclamation situations, the form is determined by the backfill and grading plan, and therefore, so are the dominant processes.Two processes of primary importance for reclaimed lands are mass-movement and erosion.In general, reclamation activities that reduce erosion also reduce mass-movement, and therefore, this discussion focuses on controlling erosion. Gradient is the most important factor in hillslope erosion rates. Hillslope length i.s also significant, as are hillSlope longitudinal and plan form.In general, with respect to control of erosion rate, reclaimed hillslopes should have low gradients, short lengths and a diversity of hillslope forms.In ci'rcumstances where this·· is not· easily achieved, longitudinal ·and· plan form, · and height may be adj l!S1;ed. · Stream channels receive flow and sediment from hillslopes and convey them to the basin outlet. Channel morphology is a function of the amount of water and sediment carried by the channel and the character of the bed and bank materials. Design criteria for channels can be determined by permissible velocity, allowable tractive stress, or geomorphichydraulic t·echniques.Reclaimed stream channels must be capable of transporting background levels of water and sediment discharge in order to provide a smooth transition between reclaimed and undisturbed channels.Hillslopes ·and channels are integrated to form a channel network and drainage basin. Quantitative analysis of drainage basins shows that basin morphology and erosion rate is related to climate, lithology, and relief. Mining and reclamation may alter lithologic controls or relief suggesting that equilibrium drainage basin morphology will be altered by surface mining. Quantitative relationships between basin morphology and basin relief and lithologic ·characteristics can be used to design postmining equilibrium drainage basins based on the changes in relief and materials characteristics brought about by mining.
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