Abstract-In this paper, we provide a broad overview of models and technologies pertaining to transcranial current brain stimulation (tCS), a family of related noninvasive techniques including direct current (tDCS), alternating current (tACS), and random noise current stimulation (tRNS). These techniques are based on the delivery of weak currents through the scalp (with electrode current intensity to area ratios of about 0.3-5 A/m ) at low frequencies (typically 1kHz) resulting in weak electric fields in the brain (with amplitudes of about 0.2-2 V/m). Here we review the biophysics and simulation of noninvasive, current-controlled generation of electric fields in the human brain and the models for the interaction of these electric fields with neurons, including a survey of in vitro and in vivo related studies. Finally, we outline directions for future fundamental and technological research.Index Terms-Brain stimulation, electrical stimulation, transcranial alternating current (tACS), transcranial current stimulation (tCS), transcranial direct current (tDCS), transcranial random noise current stimulation (tRNS).

In order to achieve some consistency in the establishment of groundwater intrinsic vulnerability maps in Europe, a new approach is proposed by Working Group 1 of the European COST Action 620 on "Vulnerability mapping for the protection of carbonate (karst) aquifers". A general procedure is offered which provides consistency while allowing the required flexibility for application to a continent and under conditions of varying geology, scale, information availability, time, and resources.The proposed methodology is designed to be clearly more physically based than the existing vulnerabilitymapping techniques. It takes the specificity of the karstic environments into account without necessarily excluding the applicability to other geological conditions. Combined "core factors" for overlying layers and for concentration of flow account for the relative protection of groundwater from contamination while taking into account any bypass of the overlying layers.A precipitation factor is distinguished for describing characteristics of the input of water to the system. Differentiation is made between groundwater resource intrinsic vulnerability mapping and source intrinsic vulnerability mapping. For the latter, a factor describing the karst network development is relevant. This short technical note describes a first step in the work program of Working Group 1 of the COST Action 620. Future steps are now in progress to quantify the approach and to apply it in various European pilot areas.Résumé Pour atteindre, au niveau européen, une certaine cohérence dans l'établissement de cartes de vulnéra-bilité des eaux souterraines, une approche originale est proposée par le Groupe de Travail 1 de l'Action européenne COST 620 "Cartographie de la vulnérabilité pour la protection des aquifères carbonatés (karstiques)". La procédure générale présentée ici est très flexible afin de permettre des applications dans tout un continent, pour différentes conditions géologiques, à des échelles variables, et à l'aide de données et de ressources diverses.La méthodologie proposée est conçue pour être plus compatible avec la physique des processus que ne le sont les méthodes existantes de cartographie de la vulnérabili-té. Elle tient compte des spécificités des milieux karstiques sans pour autant exclure son applicabilité dans d'autres contextes géologiques. Des facteurs principaux tenant compte des couches supérieures et de la concentration des flux d'infiltration permettent de tenir compte du degré relatif de protection des eaux souterraines en tenant compte de toutes les infiltrations préférentielles possibles qui évitent les couches supérieures protectrices.Un facteur dit précipitation est distingué pour décrire les caractéristiques de l'entrée d'eau dans le système. Une différence est faite entre les cartes de vulnérabilité intrinsèque des ressources en eaux souterraines et les cartes de vulnérabilité intrinsèque relatives à une source ou émergence. Pour ce dernier type de cartes, un paramè-tre décrivant le développement du réseau kar...

Marketing and consumer researchers have taken an increasing interest in the prevalence of and possibilities for enlightened consumerism. Contemporary studies show us, though, that ethically concerned consumers rarely act on their concerns – instead they act as if they were unenlightened about the negative effects of their consumption. The paper advances a theory for this contradiction that draws on Marx’s work on commodity fetishism and Freud’s analysis of sexual fetishism. In an attempt to reconcile the structural contexts of contemporary consumption with the psychic structures of the consuming subject proposed by each theorist, the paper concludes that narcissism, rather than fetishism, offers an explanation of this as if moment of contemporary consumption.

Fatigue, sleepiness and disturbed sleep are increasingly important factors affecting health and safety in modern society and there is considerable interest in developing technologies for routine ambulatory monitoring of related physiological indicators [1,2]. Electrophysiology, the measurement of electrical activity of biological origin, is a key technique for the measurement of physiological parameters in several applications, but it has been traditionally difficult to develop sensors for measurements outside the laboratory or clinic with the required quality and robustness [3,4]. This is in part due to the fact that electrodes used for high quality low amplitude measurements (such as EEG) require skin preparation and the use of electrolytic gel, resulting in longer preparation times (up to several minutes per electrode) and long stabilization times (diffusion of the electrolytic gel into the skin). In this paper we report the results from the first series of human trials with a new electrophysiology sensor using multiwalled carbon nanotube arrays (MWCNTs) [5] whose design goal is penetration of the outer layer of the skin and improved electrical contact [6]. These arrays were grown on highly doped silicon substrates using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of acetylene over an iron catalyst and mounted on a back end providing amplification. The trials, which have included traditional protocols for the analysis of the electrical activity of the brain-spontaneous EEG and Event Related Potentials (ERPs)-indicate performance

This article discusses our analysis of over 2,000 articles published within 20 top business and management journals. The article empirically demonstrates how little attention is being paid by the work published within these journals to contemporary political issues across the globe. We also demonstrate the extent to which the same is true of `critical' journals such as Organization . To this end we argue that mass scholarly ranking mechanisms, such as the British Research Assessment Exercise (RAE), create a general state of myopia on the part of business and management scholars towards a variety of political issues, even making a virtue out of ignorance in this regard. We suggest that this is not simply a problem for critical management studies and proceed to raise the question of what the responsibility of business and management academia actually is.