Optical holography provides non-intrusive, non-destructive recording of living, motile organisms and particles in their natural environment. High-resolution, three-dimensionality and 'optical sectioning' of the image allow identification of species and enumeration of size, orientation and spatial distribution. We have developed a submersible holographic camera to simultaneously expose in-line and, uniquely, off-axis holograms to record organisms from a few micrometres upwards (in-line), in concentrations down to a few tens of particles per cubic metre (off-axis). It can record up to 50 000 cm 3 of the water column in a single off-axis hologram and 3500 cm 3 in an in-line hologram. We describe the first sea deployment of the camera and the successful recording of holograms of plankton and marine snow to a depth of 100 m water.

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We describe the development, construction and sea testing of an underwater holographic camera (HoloCam) for in situ recording of marine organisms and particles in large volumes of sea water. HoloCam comprises a laser, power supply, holographic recording optics and plate holders, a water-tight housing and a support frame. Added to this are control electronics such that the entire camera is remotely operable and controllable from ship or dock-side. Uniquely the camera can simultaneously record both in-line and off-axis holograms using a pulsed frequency doubled Nd-YAG laser.In-line holography is capable of producing images of organisms with a resolution of better than 10 Pm (at concentrations up to a few thousand per cubic centimetre at the smallest sizes). Off-axis holograms of aquatic systems of up to 50,000 cm 3 volume, have been recorded. Following initial laboratory testing, the holo-camera was evaluated in an observation tank and ultimately was tested in Loch Etive, Scotland. In-line and off-axis holograms were recorded to a depth of 100 m. We will present results on the test dives and evaluation of the camera performance.

The HoloCam system is a major component of a multi-national multi-discipline project known as HoloMar (funded by the European Commission under the MAST III initiative). The project is concerned with the development of pulsed laser holography to analyse and monitor the populations of living organisms and inanimate particles within the world's oceans. We describe here the development, construction and evaluation of a prototype underwater camera, the purpose of which is to record marine organisms and particles, in-situ. Recording using holography provides several advantages over conventional sampling methods in that it allows non-intrusive, non-destructive, high-resolution imaging of large volumes (up to iø cm3) in three dimensions. The camera incorporates both in-line and off-axis holographic techniques, which allows particles from a few micrometres to tens of centimetres to be captured. In tandem with development of the HoloCam, a dedicated holographic replay system and an automated data extraction and image processing facility are being developed. These will allow, optimisation of the images recorded by the camera, identification of species and particle concentration plotting.

Local industrial policy holds much promise for improving industry conditions and investment. Chicago has experimented since 1984 with steel and apparel task forces as ways to foster industry cooperation and problem solving while avoiding many of the pitfall and extragovernmental policymaking. These taskforces are distinctive in the diversity of their membership, their use of research, and the public sector's facilitating role. Recommended initiatives range from enhancing steel technology transfer in the Chicago region to establishing an Apparel Industry Board. While it is too early to evaluate the overall impacts of these task forces, they have fostered joint problem solving and have taken a number of concrete actions. On the limitation side, the task forces chose to ignore several popular issues and strategies, raised expectations about local government, and absorbed substantial city resources. Chicago's industry task forces point to the catalytic role local government can play in industrial policy innovation.