The concept of the complex-induced proximity effect (CIPE) in deprotonations is helpful in elucidating the mechanisms involved in carbanion chemistry and in planning organic syntheses. In this Review, the consequences of complexation of organolithium bases to functional groups of the substrates before the proton-transfer step are discussed. Experimental data from kinetic measurements and isotope-labeling experiments as well as the results of calculations in many cases point to a prelithiation complex as a reaction intermediate. Some examples from natural products synthesis illustrate how this concept can be used to obtain intermediates in a regio- or stereoselective manner. Of particular interest is the functionalization of positions that are remote from the coordination group.
Das Konzept des Komplex‐induzierten Näherungseffekts (complex induced proximity effect, CIPE) bei Deprotonierungen ist hilfreich bei der Aufklärung von Mechanismen in der Carbanionenchemie und bei der Planung organischer Synthesen. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz werden die Konsequenzen der Komplexierung von Organolithiumbasen an funktionellen Gruppen der Substrate vor dem Protonenübertragungsschritt diskutiert. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die experimentellen Daten aus kinetischen Messungen und Isotopenmarkierungsexperimenten ebenso wie die Ergebnisse von Rechnungen in vielen Fällen auf einen Prälithiierungskomplex als Reaktionsintermediat hinweisen. Einige Beispiele aus der Naturstoffsynthese verdeutlichen, wie mithilfe dieses Konzepts Zwischenstufen gezielt regio‐ oder stereoselektiv erhalten werden können. Von besonderem Interesse sind dabei Funktionalisierungen an Positionen, die von der koordinierenden Gruppe vermeintlich weit entfernt sind.
Kinetic vs thermodynamic deprotonation studies on secondary and tertiary sulfonamides 1 and 2 using n-BuLi have been carried out. While both 1 and 2 show kinetic ortho-metalation, thermodynamic conditions lead to ortho and benzylic deprotonation, respectively (Figures 1 and 2). Metalation of 1 using the n-BuLi/KOtBu superbase led to regioselective benzylic metalation (Figure 4); LDA deprotonation was also briefly explored. Application of the developed conditions allows the synthesis of diverse sulfonamide products 5a-e, 6a-e, 7a,b, and 8a-e. Ipso-bromo desilylation reactions afford sulfonamides 9a,b while Suzuki cross-coupling reactions furnish biaryl sulfonamides 11a-c.
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