Copper nanowires grow from spherical copper seeds in an aqueous solution. Conductive films of copper nanowires have a transmittance of 65% (∼15% more than the best values reported for carbon nanotubes), and remain conductive after 1000 bending cycles or one month in air.

Obesity, a worldwide epidemic, confers increased risk for multiple serious conditions, including cancer, and is increasingly recognized as a growing cause of preventable cancer risk. Chronic inflammation, a well-known mediator of cancer, is a central characteristic of obesity, leading to many of its complications, and obesity-induced inflammation confers additional cancer risk beyond obesity itself. Multiple mechanisms facilitate this strong association between cancer and obesity. Adipose tissue is an important endocrine organ, secreting several hormones, including leptin and adiponectin, and chemokines that can regulate tumor behavior, inflammation, and the tumor microenvironment. Excessive adipose expansion during obesity causes adipose dysfunction and inflammation to increase systemic levels of proinflammatory factors. Cells from adipose tissue, such as cancer-associated adipocytes and adipose-derived stem cells, enter the cancer microenvironment to enhance protumoral effects. Dysregulated metabolism that stems from obesity, including insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, can further impact tumor growth and development. This review describes how adipose tissue becomes inflamed in obesity, summarizes ways these mechanisms impact cancer development, and discusses their role in four adipose-associated cancers that demonstrate elevated incidence or mortality in obesity.

This article describes how the dimensions of nanowires affect the transmittance and sheet resistance of a random nanowire network. Silver nanowires with independently controlled lengths and diameters were synthesized with a gram-scale polyol synthesis by controlling the reaction temperature and time. Characterization of films composed of nanowires of different lengths but the same diameter enabled the quantification of the effect of length on the conductance and transmittance of silver nanowire films. Finite-difference time-domain calculations were used to determine the effect of nanowire diameter, overlap, and hole size on the transmittance of a nanowire network. For individual nanowires with diameters greater than 50 nm, increasing diameter increases the electrical conductance to optical extinction ratio, but the opposite is true for nanowires with diameters less than this size. Calculations and experimental data show that for a random network of nanowires, decreasing nanowire diameter increases the number density of nanowires at a given transmittance, leading to improved connectivity and conductivity at high transmittance (>90%). This information will facilitate the design of transparent, conducting nanowire films for flexible displays, organic light emitting diodes and thin-film solar cells.Indium tin oxide (ITO) is the material of choice for transparent conducting films in flat-panel displays, organic solar cells, and organic light emitting diodes because, with a sheet resistance of 10 U sq À1 at a transmittance of 90% (l ¼ 550 nm), it is highly conductive and transparent. However, indium is a scarce element, ITO is brittle, and ITO film is expensive because it is produced with a vapor-phase coating process that is 1000 times slower than newspaper printing.1,2 These problems have motivated a search for alternatives to ITO that are flexible and can be deposited from liquids at high coating rates.3-9 As discussed in recent reviews, promising solution-processed alternatives to ITO include poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)poly(styrenesulfonate), carbon nanotubes, graphene, ITO nanowires, and metal nanowires.10-15 Of these alternatives, films of silver nanowires currently have the highest conductance and transmittance. 4,16-18For example, Leem et al. have recently reported obtaining silver nanowire films with a sheet resistance of 10 U sq À1 at a transmittance of 89.3% (l ¼ 550 nm), nearly matching ITO. Although silver ($1000 kg À1) is more expensive than indium ($800 kg À1 ), the fact that silver nanowire films can be produced with highthroughput wet-coating processes allows them to achieve lower costs. 19,20Here we report a simple polyol synthesis that enables control over the length and diameter of silver nanowires, as well as their production on the gram scale. By measuring the properties of films composed of nanowires with distinct ranges of dimensions, we have obtained the first quantitative confirmation of theoretical predictions for the effect of nanowire length and number density on the conductance of 2D...

Summary The current model of murine innate lymphoid cell (ILC) development holds that mouse ILCs are derived downstream of the common lymphoid progenitor through lineage-restricted progenitors. However, corresponding lineage-restricted progenitors in humans have yet to be discovered. Here we identified a progenitor population in human secondary lymphoid tissues (SLTs) that expressed the transcription factor, RORγt, and was unique in its ability to generate all known ILC subsets, including natural killer (NK) cells, but not other leukocyte populations. In contrast to murine fate-mapping data, which indicate that only ILC3 cells express Rorγt, these human progenitor cells as well as human peripheral blood NK cells and all mature ILC populations expressed RORγt. Thus, all human ILCs can be generated through an RORγt+ developmental pathway from a common progenitor in SLTs. These findings help establish the developmental signals and pathways involved in human ILC development.