Participation in the sport of rowing has been steadily increasing in recent decades, yet few studies address the specific injuries incurred. This article reviews the most common injuries described in the literature, including musculoskeletal problems in the lower back, ribs, shoulder, wrist and knee. A review of basic rowing physiology and equipment is included, along with a description of the mechanics of the rowing stroke. This information is necessary in order to make an accurate diagnosis and treatment protocol for these injuries, which are mainly chronic in nature. The most frequently injured region is the low back, mainly due to excessive hyperflexion and twisting, and can include specific injuries such as spondylolysis, sacroiliac joint dysfunction and disc herniation. Rib stress fractures account for the most time lost from on-water training and competition. Although theories abound for the mechanism of injury, the exact aetiology of rib stress fractures remains unknown. Other injuries discussed within, which are specific to ribs, include costochondritis, costovertebral joint subluxation and intercostal muscle strains. Shoulder pain is quite common in rowers and can be the result of overuse, poor technique, or tension in the upper body. Injuries concerning the forearm and wrist are also common, and can include exertional compartment syndrome, lateral epicondylitis, deQuervain's and intersection syndrome, and tenosynovitis of the wrist extensors. In the lower body, the major injuries reported include generalised patellofemoral pain due to abnormal patellar tracking, and iliotibial band friction syndrome. Lastly, dermatological issues, such as blisters and abrasions, and miscellaneous issues, such as environmental concerns and the female athlete triad, are also included in this article.Pathophysiology, mechanism of injury, assessment and management strategies are outlined in the text for each injury, with special attention given to ways to correct biomechanical or equipment problems specific to rowing. By gaining an understanding of basic rowing biomechanics and training habits, the physician and/or healthcare provider will be better equipped to treat and prevent injuries in the rowing population.

Although traditionally seen as a sport for elite schools and colleges, rowing is a founding Olympic event and is increasingly enjoyed by people of all ages and abilities. The sport's rapidly changing demographics shows significant growth in masters (age 27 years and above) and para-rowing populations. It has further expanded beyond its traditional flatwater format to include the discipline of open-water or coastal rowing, and an increased focus on indoor rowing. Rowing-specific injury research has similarly increased over the last decade since our last review, revealing areas of improved understanding in pre-participation screening, training load, emerging concepts surrounding back and rib injury, and relative energy deficiency in sport. Through a better understanding of the nature of the sport and mechanisms of injury, physicians and other healthcare providers will be better equipped to treat and prevent injuries in rowers.

Purpose: The purpose of this preliminary investigation was to evaluate the effect of anterior tibiofemoral glides on maximal knee extension and selected spatiotemporal characteristics during gait in patients with knee extension deficits after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Methods: Twelve patients with knee-extension deficits after recent ACL reconstructions underwent quantitative gait analyses immediately before and after 10 minutes of repeated anterior tibiofemoral glides on the operative limb, and again after a 10-minute seated rest period. Results: Maximum knee extension during stance phase of the operative limb significantly increased immediately after the treatment (mean increase: 2.0 e4.1 , 95% CI: 0.6 -3.3 ). Maximum knee extension decreased after the 10-minute rest period (mean decrease: 0.9 e1.8 , 95% CI: À0.1 -1.8), although the decrease was not statistically significant. Small increases in operative limb step length, stride length, and gait speed were observed after the rest period compared to baseline values only. Conclusions: A single session of anterior tibiofemoral glides increases maximal knee extension during the stance phase of gait in patients with kneeextension deficits. Increases in knee extension are small and short-lived, however, suggesting that continued activity is required to maintain the observed improvements.Key Words: anterior cruciate ligament, biomechanics, gait, knee, manual therapy RÉ SUMÉObjectif : L'objectif de cette recherche pré liminaire é tait d'é valuer l'effet du glissement du fé moro-tibial anté rieur sur l'extension maximale du genou et sur des caracté ristiques spatiotemporelles choisies au cours de la marche chez les patients affecté s d'un dé ficit de l'extension du genou aprè s une reconstruction du ligament croisé anté rieur (LCA). Mé thode : Douze patients aux prises avec un dé ficit de l'extension du genou à la suite d'une ré cente reconstruction du LCA ont subi des analyses de la dé marche immé diatement avant et aprè s 10 minutes de glissements ré pé té s du fé moro-tibial anté rieur sur le membre fonctionnel, et de nouveau aprè s une pé riode de repos de 10 minutes, en position assise. Ré sultats : L'extension maximale du genou au cours de la phase d'appui du membre fonctionnel s'est accrue considé rablement immé diatement aprè s le traitement (augmentation moyenne : 2,0 e À4,1 , 95 % IC : 0,6 -3,3 ). La capacité maximale d'extension du genou aprè s un repos de 10 minutes a diminué (baisse moyenne : 0,9 e1,8 , 95 % IC : À0,1 -1,8 ), mais cette baisse n'est pas significative sur le plan statistique. On a observé de lé gè res augmentations dans la longueur du pas, la longueur de la foulé e et la vitesse de marche du membre fonctionnel aprè s la pé riode de repos comparativement aux valeurs de base seulement. Conclusions : Une seule sé ance de glissement du fé moro-tibial anté rieur accroît l'extension maximale du genou au cours de la phase d'appui de la dé marche chez les patients qui souffrent de dé ficits d'extension du genou. Les ...