SynopsisOnto enetic: increases in mouth size and chan es in dentition of percoid fishes may affect the size and species of prey selected, thus influencin the fundamental trophic niche . To examine the influence of oral anatomy on prey selectivity by pinfish, La odon rhomboides, and snook, Centropomus undecimalis, two co-occurrin percoid fishes with contrastin mouth morpholo ies, the mouth size, dentition, stomach contents, and available prey durin onto eny were quantified . Based on the presence of prey fra ments in stomach contents and direct behavioral observation, prey were cate orized by the feedin mode used durin capture (suction/ramfeedin or bitin ) . Centropomus has a lar er size-specific ape than La odon durin all onto enetic sta es .Althou h both feedin modes were used by La odon durin onto eny, the amount of prey captured usin suction/ram-feedin declined and the amount of prey captured by bitin increased with standard len th . This chan e in feedin mode was associated with a chan e in incisor shape and width : La odon < 39 mm SL possessed narrow, pointed incisors and stron ly selected amphipods, which are captured usin suction/ram-feedin ; La odon > 40 mm SL possessed wide, flat-topped incisors and si nificantly increased their selectivity for polychaetes, which are captured by bitin . Centropomus used ram-feedin to capture prey at all onto enetic sta es . Size-selective feedin by Centropomus was apparent but could not be due to ape-limitation alone, because avera e prey body depth was only 45% of ape and was not proportional to absolute mouth size increase durin onto eny. Dietary diversity was reatest durin the transition from suction/ram-feedin to bitin in La odon . La odon had a hi her dietary diversity at all onto enetic sta es than Centropomus, due in part to La odon's use of multiple feedin modes .

The interpretation of data from absorbance spectroscopy experiments of liposomes in flow systems is often complicated by the fact that there is currently no easy way to account for scattering artefacts. This has proved particularly problematic for linear dichroism (LD) spectroscopy, which may be used to determine binding modes of small molecules, peptides and proteins to liposomes if we can extract the absorbance signal from the combined absorbance/scattering experiment. Equations for a modified Rayleigh-Gans-Debye (RGD) approximation to the turbidity (scattering) LD spectrum are available in the literature though have not been implemented. This review summarises the literature and shows how it can be implemented. The implementation proceeds by first determining volume loss that occurs when a spherical liposome is subjected to flow. Calcein fluorescence can be used for this purpose since at high concentrations (> 60 mM) it has low intensity fluorescence with maxima at 525 and 563 nm whereas at low concentrations (<1 mM) the fluorescence intensity is enhanced and the band shifts to 536 nm. The scattering calculation process yields the average axis ratios of the distorted liposome ellipsoids and extent of orientation of the liposomes in flow. The scattering calculations require methods to estimate liposome integrity, volume loss, and orientation when subjected to shear stresses under flow.