Following the aftermath of the Great Economic Depression of the 1930s that culminated in the birth of the Keynesian Economics School of thought, the attention of a significant number of nations has been drawn to the relevance of government involvement in stabilizing and regulating aggregates of the general economy. That development was in contrast to the prevailing classical view about the working principles of the invisible hands of demand and supply that interplay to create necessary adjustments in relation to output determination and employment (Johnson et al. 2001; Shaikh 2009; Backhouse 2015). There are two major categories of economic policies that have been widely utilized over a vast period of time for the general purpose of economic stabilization and for the achievement of some essential macroeconomic goals and objectives in specific terms. These policies are fiscal and monetary. Although the two policies are different

With 2.5 global hectares (gha) per capita against 2.7 gha per capita, China's ecological footprint is desirably below the world's average ecological footprint per capita. Undesirably, the country's per person ecological footprint outweighs the world's average biocapacity per person of 1.7 gha, thus signifying an enormous pressure on the country's ecological capacity. This reason accounts for the motivation to explore the dynamics of ecological footprint for China over the period 1971-2016 by employing a series of empirical techniques that include quantile-onquantile regression (QQR), spectral Granger causality (SGC), and quantile regression. Indicatively, the empirical findings are in folds. First, from the QQR, economic growth exerts a positive effect on (i) ecological footprint especially in the middle quantile (0.4-0.7) and (ii) all quantiles (0.01-0.95) of economic growth. Second, both fossil fuel and primary energy utilization exert a positive impact on (i) all quantiles (0.01-0.95) of ecological footprint and (ii) all quantiles (0.01-0.95) of the two energy profiles. Third, it is surprising to see renewable energy utilization exerting a positive effect on ecological footprint at the lower tail (0.1-0.40) and on renewable energy use at the higher tail (0.70-0.95). Additionally, the SGC result revealed Granger causality from primary energy use and economic growth to the ecological footprint in the long-run without reverse. Additionally, without reverse, there is a Granger causality from renewable energy use to the ecological footprint in the short-, medium-, and long-term. Importantly, the overall policy implication suggests a more drastic decoupling of the country's growth from the supply side (ecological pressure and environmental deprivation).

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