Large-scale genetic studies are highly dependent on efficient and scalable multiplex SNP assays. In this study, we report the development of Molecular Inversion Probe technology with four-color, single array detection, applied to large-scale genotyping of up to 12,000 SNPs per reaction. While generating 38,429 SNP assays using this technology in a population of 30 trios from the Centre d'Etude Polymorphisme Humain family panel as part of the International HapMap project, we established SNP conversion rates of ∼90% with concordance rates >99.6% and completeness levels >98% for assays multiplexed up to 12,000plex levels. Furthermore, these individual metrics can be "traded off" and, by sacrificing a small fraction of the conversion rate, the accuracy can be increased to very high levels. No loss of performance is seen when scaling from 6,000plex to 12,000plex assays, strongly validating the ability of the technology to suppress cross-reactivity at high multiplex levels. The results of this study demonstrate the suitability of this technology for comprehensive association studies that use targeted SNPs in indirect linkage disequilibrium studies or that directly screen for causative mutations.

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To evaluate the usefulness of integrated positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) in staging mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sézary syndrome and to correlate PET/CT data with histopathologic diagnosis of lymph nodes (LNs).Design: A single-center, prospective cohort analysis.Setting: Academic referral center for cutaneous lymphoma.Patients: Thirteen patients with MF and SS at risk for secondary LN involvement.Interventions: Patients were clinically evaluated based on general physical examination, total body skin examination, and laboratory screening. They underwent integrated PET/CT followed by excisional biopsy of LNs. Main Outcome Measures:We used PET/CT to assess LN size and metabolic activity. Enlarged LNs were defined as axillary or inguinal LNs with a short axis 1.5 cm or larger; or cervical LN, with a short axis 1.0 cm or larger. We classified LN pathologic results according to National Cancer Institute (LN1-4) and World Health Organization (WHO 1-3) criteria. We quantified PET ac-tivity using standardized uptake value (SUV) and correlated with LN grade.

There are a lot of non-food uses of GM plants like timber, use to manufacture paper, in the chemical industry and as biofuels. Pharmaceuticals made from proteins can be made from GM plants. Plant tissues in the processed shape can be used potentially as edible vaccines. According to an estimate, 250 acres of greenhouse space can be enough to let the GM potatoes grow and meet the annual demand of hepatitis B vaccine in the whole South East Asia. Any harmful effect on the environment through large-scale growth of GM plants can indirectly show impacts upon human health. GM plants are also evaluated on the basis of how they might have a constructive role to perform in the environment by partial removal of contaminants -a practice often termed as phytoremediation. A lot of NGOs and media organizations are ruthlessly opposed to production of GM plants. Scientists need to engage the common man to ensure that the issue demands more rational approach of thinking. The opposition is making serious impacts as many underdeveloped countries that can get a lot of advantage from this technology.

Staging of mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome (MF/SS), the most common cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), is primarily based on the type and extent of skin involvement and the presence or absence of extracutaneous disease. In patients with large cell transformation, tumors, erythroderma, or abnormal lymph nodes on physical exam, staging includes CT scan to look for visceral or lymph node (LN) disease followed by biopsy of enlarged LN. Integrated PET/CT combines anatomic data from CT with functional data from PET and has been useful in the staging of many non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. To date, however, its role in staging MF/SS has not been investigated. We assessed the utility of integrated PET/CT in staging thirteen patients with MF (T2=1,T3=4,T4=1) or SS (T4B2=7) at high-risk for LN disease. Based on anatomic data from the CT component alone, only five of thirteen had enlarged LN (axillary/inguinal LN short axis ≥1.5cm or cervical LN short axis ≥1.0cm) and would have been referred for biopsy. In comparison, PET showed that all thirteen patients had hypermetabolic activity in at least one LN region. All patients had excisional LN biopsy and the extent of LN involvement was classified according to NCI criteria (LN1-4 classification). Six patients had LN1-3 and seven had effacement of LN architecture by lymphoma cells (LN4). Of the seven LN4 patients, four had SS and three had tumor MF. PET/CT helped identify the most suspicious LN region for biopsy, which led to the accurate stage of IVA. Notably, two patients had LN smaller than the CT size criteria and would have been incorrectly staged without the use of integrated PET/CT. Furthermore, we quantified the intensity of PET activity using standardized uptake value (SUV) and correlated this with LN grade. Patients with LN1-3 had a mean SUV of 2.7, median 2.2 (2.0–4.7) and patients with LN4 had a mean SUV of 5.4, median 3.9 (2.1– 11.8); p value 0.08. Ongoing analysis of additional patients may further define whether PET/CT can be used to significantly differentiate between LN1-3 vs LN4. Thus, for staging MF/SS, integrated PET/CT was more sensitive and specific in detecting malignant LN compared to CT alone and consequently provided more accurate staging and prognostic information. A larger scale study would be essential to confirm the superior staging capability of PET/CT over CT alone in MF/SS. Summary of PET/CT correlation with LN pathology results in MF/SS Patient T class Max SUV LN size (SA,cm) LN region NCI grade WHO grade Final stage Abbreviations: T, tumor; SUV, standardized uptake value; LN, lymph node; SA, short axis; cm, centimeter 1 T3 2.0 1.2 Axillary LN1 1 IIB 2 T4 2.1 1.3 Axillary LN1 1 IIIB 3 T2 2.2 1.0 Inguinal LN2 1 IIA 4 T4 4.7 1.0 Axillary LN2 1 IIIB 5 T4 3.0 1.2 Inguinal LN2 1 IIIB 6 T4 2.0 1.1 Inguinal LN3 2 IIIB 7 T3 3.7 1.4 Cervical LN4 3 IVA 8 T4 3.2 1.5 Inguinal LN4 3 IVA 9 T3 3.9 1.3 Inguinal LN4 3 IVA 10 T4 11.8 3.2 Inguinal LN4 3 IVA 11 T4 6.6 1.3 Inguinal LN4 3 IVA 12 T4 6.3 2.1 Inguinal LN4 3 IVA 13 T3 2.1 2.1 Axillary LN4 3 IVA