The challenges facing offshore CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects are presented in this paper along with potential solutions based on the oil and gas (O&G) industry's CO2 EOR and CCS experience and technology as applied in a few offshore locations. Prospects for future offshore projects are also discussed based on the O&G industry's experience, technology, and best practices. These achievements are the result of a safe and successful 58-year history of well construction and operations in land-based, commercial CO2 EOR projects. Achieving CCS by injecting CO2 into saline formations or for EOR in mature oil reservoirs is a safe and effective method to reduce GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions. The IPCC has defined enhanced oil and gas recovery via CO2 injection as a recognized form of CCS. Using existing industry experience and technology developed over the past 58 years, CO2 injection into oil reservoirs for EOR has been safely and effectively applied in 18,077 active wells worldwide (17,112 in USA) according to the latest EOR survey (O&GJ, 2010). Production from natural gas reservoirs has also benefitted from CO2 injection in enhanced gas recovery (EGR) applications. Key results are summarized and major conclusions presented from studies by the American Petroleum Institute; Advanced Resources International; European Commission, DG-Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy; Kinder Morgan; Norwegian Petroleum Directorate; Bellona Foundation; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; SINTEF Petroleum Research; and others. Conclusions from these studies point to the substantial value of current industry experience as a sound basis for offshore CCS applications. Offshore CCS/EOR may be more viable than onshore options for areas with high population densities, where offshore reservoirs are within reasonable distances from land, or where there are existing offshore O&G facilities and wells. The technical knowledge base of the petroleum industry can be leveraged for the development of CCS with a strong understanding of the pros and cons of offshore projects, operating experience with safe and economic CO2 capture, transportation, injection, and understanding of subsurface formations for future CO2 EOR/CCS applications. Introduction Oil and Gas Industry Experience The first patent for CO2 EOR was granted in 1952 (Whorton). The Texas Railroad Commission (TRRC report) proposed CCS rule states that " the first three projects (immiscible) were in Osage County, Oklahoma from 1958 to 1962.?? Another early CO2 EOR project was in Jones County, near Abilene, Texas in the Mead Strawn field in 1964 (Holm). The first large-scale, commercial CO2 EOR project (Langston) began operations in 1972 at the SACROC field in West Texas, which continues in operation today. Many more CO2 " flood?? EOR projects have started since then. By 2010, CO2 EOR projects had reached a global total of 127 (112 in USA) with 12 more planned for the USA, as reported in the EOR survey by the Oil and Gas Journal (O&GJ, 2010). Rising oil prices, low cost sources of high purity CO2, and access to miscible fields with large amounts of unrecovered oil have supported growth in CO2 based EOR in the U.S., which now accounts for 272 mbd (O&GJ, 2010) or over 8% of total Lower 48 crude production of 3.22 mmbd in the 2nd quarter 2010, as reported by the U.S. Energy Information Administration.

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Texas 75083-3836 U.S.A., fax +1.972.952.9435. AbstractConcern about global climate change, and the challenges and risks it poses, will require sustained efforts to develop understanding and effective solutions while at the same time meeting the growing needs of society for energy. The development and utilization of technologies to capture and then store CO 2 in underground formations offer significant potential for reducing CO 2 emissions. This paper is based on the outcomes of an IPIECA workshop to advance understanding of the role of CO 2 capture and geologic storage, and strategies to improve its performance and prospects. It considers CO 2 capture and geological storage as a potential option for reducing future emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) from the extraction of resources, the production and use of fuels, and the generation of electricity. In doing so it examines: roles CO 2 capture and geologic storage may play over the next century extending from the current assessment of this technology family; risk management to ensure safe and secure geologic storage drawing from understanding and past experiences; public perception, policy and regulatory frameworks that pose opportunities and barriers for CO 2 capture and geologic storage and; initiatives and strategies to advance CO 2 capture and geologic storage by reducing cost and risk, and developing sound regulatory and policy frameworks to encourage development of options for deep reductions in CO 2 emissions. IntroductionConcern about global climate change, and the challenges and risks it poses, will require sustained efforts to develop understanding and effective solutions while at the same time meeting the growing needs of society for energy. Development and utilization of technologies to capture and

Concern about global climate change, and the challenges and risks it poses, will require sustained efforts to develop understanding and effective solutions while at the same time meeting the growing needs of society for energy. The development and utilization of technologies to capture and then store CO2 in underground formations offer significant potential for reducing CO2 emissions. This paper is based on the outcomes of an IPIECA workshop to advance understanding of the role of CO2 capture and geologic storage, and strategies to improve its performance and prospects. It considers CO2 capture and geological storage as a potential option for reducing future emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) from the extraction of resources, the production and use of fuels, and the generation of electricity. In doing so it examines: roles CO2 capture and geologic storage may play over the next century extending from the current assessment of this technology family; risk management to ensure safe and secure geologic storage drawing from understanding and past experiences; public perception, policy and regulatory frameworks that pose opportunities and barriers for CO2 capture and geologic storage and; initiatives and strategies to advance CO2 capture and geologic storage by reducing cost and risk, and developing sound regulatory and policy frameworks to encourage development of options for deep reductions in CO2 emissions. Introduction Concern about global climate change, and the challenges and risks it poses, will require sustained efforts to develop understanding and effective solutions while at the same time meeting the growing needs of society for energy. Development and utilization of technologies to capture and then store carbon dioxide (CO2) in underground formations offer significant potential for reducing CO2 emissions. IPIECA convened an international workshop in October 2003 to advance understanding of the role of CO2 capture and geologic storage, and strategies to improve its performance and prospects. The workshop brought together experts from academia, business, governments, and intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations to consider CO2 capture and geological storage as a potential option for reducing future emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) produced in the extraction of resources, the production and use of fuels and the generation of electricity. Four sessions examined:the roles that CO2 capture and geologic storage may play over the next century;risk management to ensure safe and secure geologic storage, drawing from understanding and past experiences;public perception, policy and regulatory frameworks that present both opportunities for, and barriers against, CO2 capture and geologic storage; andinitiatives and strategies to advance CO2 capture and geologic storage by reducing cost and risk, and developing sound regulatory and policy frameworks to encourage development of options for deep reductions in CO2 emissions. This paper summarizes the IPIECA Climate Change Working Group's understanding of the presentations and discussions at the workshop. We are grateful to all participants for their efforts and contributions throughout the workshop which, together with this publication, is part of an ongoing effort by IPIECA to provide constructive input on key climate change issues.