A new static-electromagnetic reciprocity principle is presented, extending ordinary resistive reciprocity to the case of nonzero magnetic fields by requiring the magnetic field to be reversed when the reciprocal measurement is made. The principle is supported by measurements on various types of specimens, including those which exhibit the quantum-Hall effect. A derivation using elementary electromagnetic theory shows that the principle will hold provided only that the specimen is electrically linear (Ohmic), and that the Onsager form for the conductivity tensor applies throughout. The principle has important implications for electrical measurements on semiconductors in applied-magnetic fields.

The relationship between social determinants of health (SDoH) and health outcomes is established and extends to a higher risk of contracting COVID-19. Given the factors included in SDoH, such as education level, race, rurality, and socioeconomic status are interconnected, it is unclear how individual SDoH factors may uniquely impact risk. Lower socioeconomic status often occurs in concert with lower educational attainment, for example. Because literacy provides access to information needed to avoid infection and content can be made more accessible, it is essential to determine to what extent health literacy contributes to successful containment of a pandemic. By incorporating this information into clinical data, we have isolated literacy and geographic location as SDoH factors uniquely related to the risk of COVID-19 infection. For patients with comorbidities linked to higher illness severity, residents of rural areas associated with lower health literacy at the zip code level had a greater likelihood of positive COVID-19 results unrelated to their economic status.

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