Multisession radiosurgery resulted in high rates of tumor control and preservation of visual function in this group of perioptic tumors. Ninety-four percent of patients retained or improved preradiosurgical vision. This intermediate-term experience reinforces the findings from earlier studies that suggested that multisession radiosurgery can be a safe and effective alternative to either surgery or fractionated radiotherapy for selected lesions immediately adjacent to short segments of the optic apparatus.

Background: Nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid receptors (NOPR) are the least understood member of the opioid G proteincoupled receptor family. Results: NOPR serine 363 is required for receptor internalization, desensitization, and c-Jun N-terminal (JNK) phosphorylation. Conclusion: NOPR is regulated via GRK3 and Arrestin3 to control G-protein-dependent and -independent signaling. Significance: Understanding NOPR signaling and regulation could provide novel clues to the development of functionally selective opioid receptor ligands.

Comprehensive studies that consolidate selective ligands, quantitative comparisons of G protein versus arrestin-2/3 coupling, together with structure-activity relationship models for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) systems are less commonly employed. Here we examine biased signaling at the nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid receptor (NOPR), the most recently identified member of the opioid receptor family.