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These revolts occurred five times between 167 and 351. These include four revolts in Judaea – the Hasmonean Revolt (167–164), the First Jewish Revolt (66–74), and the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–135), and perhaps another under Gallus (351–352). A fifth revolt took place in diasporan communities between 114 and 117. Compared to other colonized peoples of the Greco‐Roman world, the Jews were unique in their repeated military resistance to Greco‐Roman domination. This exceptional fact is due to the combination of swells of zealotry and Judaism's intolerance of other gods and cults. Other ethnic groups adapted by continuing a long tradition of syncretism between local and hegemonic cults.

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The Temple of Jerusalem was reconstructed and enlarged under the patronage of Herod the Great beginning in 20/19 BCE. This essay assembles epigraphic sources from Jerusalem and literary sources preserved in the writings of Flavius Josephus and the ancient rabbis for benefaction to the Temple by individual wealthy Jews. Donors from as far afield as Rhodes, Alexandria and Adiabene may be identified, with Nicanor of Alexandria and Queen Helena and her son Monobazus of Adiabene appearing in archaeological remains, Josephus and rabbinic literature. This corpus provides a controlled example of ways that literary sources of various genre and archaeological remains may be placed in conversation so as to elicit historical evidence that may be of use to students of Jewish and general Roman antiquity.