This article reports on a small and medium enterprise (SME) This article reports on a small and medium enterprise (SME) survey carried out by the Research ICT Africa network (RIA 1 ) in 14 African countries. The SME E-access and E-usage Index (2005) aims at understanding the impact of ICTs on private sector development, and how ICTs can contribute to a vibrant SME sector and economic growth in the context of developing economies.The analysis presented here is based on the results of only 13 of the 14 countries.

Conventional formulations of atrazine and simazine were compared with controlled‐release formulations of these two herbicides for bioefficacy, leaching and crop safety in laboratory and field experiments. Three light‐textured soils with a pH range of 5.8–8.5 were used for this work. An oat bioassay (Avena sativa L.) was used to quantify soil concentrations of the herbicides. Comparison of the initial bioefficacy of controlled‐release formulations of atrazine and simazine showed their respective relative potencies to conventional formulations to be 0.51–0.85. The results indicated that the controlled‐release formulations maintained an entrapped reserve of active ingredient after delivery with a conventional boomsprayer. In laboratory trials, the controlled‐release formulations showed a reduction in leaching compared with conventional formulations. A controlled‐release formulation and a conventional formulation of atrazine were tested further in a field trial. A higher concentration of atrazine in topsoil from the controlled‐release formulation was observed 11 weeks after application after 107 mm of rainfall. It was deduced that this was caused by reduced leaching of the controlled‐release formulation, as observed in laboratory trials. EWRC scores for the control of a range of grass and broad‐leaved weeds were identical for both formulations. This indicated that, while the controlled‐release formulation could inhibit leaching of the active ingredient, it did not hinder the level of potency necessary for early weed control. EWRC crop safety ratings of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) sown at application were higher for the controlled‐release formulation 10 weeks after sowing, and subsequent harvest yields were 50% higher. It was inferred that this resulted from a favourable interaction between crop growth and the timing of the release of the active ingredient from the controlled‐release formulation. Altogether, the controlled‐release formulations displayed the necessary prerequisites for their further development for large‐scale use under arable regimes.

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