Purpose ChatGPT is a large language model trained on a large dataset covering a broad range of topics, including the medical literature. We aim to examine its accuracy and reproducibility in answering patient questions regarding bariatric surgery. Materials and methods Questions were gathered from nationally regarded professional societies and health institutions as well as Facebook support groups. Board-certified bariatric surgeons graded the accuracy and reproducibility of responses. The grading scale included the following: (1) comprehensive, (2) correct but inadequate, (3) some correct and some incorrect, and (4) completely incorrect. Reproducibility was determined by asking the model each question twice and examining difference in grading category between the two responses. Results In total, 151 questions related to bariatric surgery were included. The model provided “comprehensive” responses to 131/151 (86.8%) of questions. When examined by category, the model provided “comprehensive” responses to 93.8% of questions related to “efficacy, eligibility and procedure options”; 93.3% related to “preoperative preparation”; 85.3% related to “recovery, risks, and complications”; 88.2% related to “lifestyle changes”; and 66.7% related to “other”. The model provided reproducible answers to 137 (90.7%) of questions. Conclusion The large language model ChatGPT often provided accurate and reproducible responses to common questions related to bariatric surgery. ChatGPT may serve as a helpful adjunct information resource for patients regarding bariatric surgery in addition to standard of care provided by licensed healthcare professionals. We encourage future studies to examine how to leverage this disruptive technology to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Graphical Abstract

BackgroundBronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic lung disease of premature neonates characterized by arrested pulmonary alveolar development. There is increasing evidence that microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) during lung organogenesis. The potential role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of BPD is unclear.ResultsFollowing exposure of neonatal mice to 80% O2 or room air (RA) for either 14 or 29 days, lungs of hyperoxic mice displayed histological changes consistent with BPD. Comprehensive miRNA and mRNA profiling was performed using lung tissue from both O2 and RA treated mice, identifying a number of dynamically regulated miRNAs and associated mRNA target genes. Gene ontology enrichment and pathway analysis revealed that hyperoxia modulated genes involved in a variety of lung developmental processes, including cell cycle, cell adhesion, mobility and taxis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. MiR-29 was prominently increased in the lungs of hyperoxic mice, and several predicted mRNA targets of miR-29 were validated with real-time PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Direct miR-29 targets were further validated in vitro using bronchoalveolar stem cells.ConclusionIn newborn mice, prolonged hyperoxia induces an arrest of alveolar development similar to that seen in human neonates with BPD. This abnormal lung development is accompanied by significant increases in the levels of multiple miRNAs and corresponding decreases in the levels of predicted mRNA targets, many of which have known or suspected roles in pathways altered in BPD. These data support the hypothesis that dynamic regulation of miRNAs plays a prominent role in the pathophysiology of BPD.

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IntroductionEDP1815 is a non-colonizing pharmaceutical preparation of a single stain of Prevotella histicola isolated from the duodenum of a human donor. We report here preclinical and clinical studies showing that the action of EDP1815, an orally delivered and gut restricted single strain of commensal bacteria can regulate inflammatory responses throughout the body.MethodsSupported by evidence for anti-inflammatory activity in three preclinical mouse models of Th1-, TH2-, and Th17-mediated inflammation, EDP1815 was tested clinically in three Phase 1b studies in patients with psoriasis, patients with atopic dermatitis, and healthy volunteers in a KLH skin challenge model.ResultsPreclinically, EDP1815 was efficacious in all three mouse models of inflammation, showing reduction in skin inflammation as well as related tissue cytokines. In the Phase 1b studies, EDP1815 was found to be well tolerated by participants, with a safety profile comparable to placebo, including no severe or consistent side-effects reported, and no evidence of immunosuppression with no opportunistic infection occurring in these studies. In psoriasis patients, signs of clinical efficacy were seen after 4 weeks of treatment, which continued beyond the treatment period in the higher-dose cohort. In atopic dermatitis patients, improvements were seen throughout the key physician-and patient-reported outcomes. In a healthy-volunteer study of a KLH-induced skin inflammatory response, consistent anti-inflammatory effects were seen in two cohorts through imaging-based measures of skin inflammation.DiscussionThis is the first report demonstrating clinical effects from targeting peripheral inflammation with a non-colonizing gut-restricted single strain of commensal bacteria, providing proof of concept for a new class of medicines. These clinical effects occur without systemic exposure of EDP1815 or modification of the resident gut microbiota, and with placebo-like safety and tolerability. The breadth of these clinical effects of EDP1815, combined with its excellent safety and tolerability profile and oral administration, suggests the potential for a new type of effective, safe, oral, and accessible anti-inflammatory medicine to treat the wide range of diseases driven by inflammation.Clinical Trial Registration: EudraCT # 2018-002807-32; EudraCT # 2018-002807-32; NL8676; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03733353; http://www.trialregister.nl.

Gregg1 in 1941 was the first to suggest a relationship between maternal rubella and congenital defects in the child. He studied 78 cases of congenital cataract associated with cardiac or other lesions and in 68 obtained a maternal history of rubella during pregnancy. Since this initial work in Australia, many reports have appeared on this subject. Various congenital defects, particularly cataracts, cardiac malformations and deafness have been reported. Mental retardation, hypospadias, talipes equinovarus, underdevelopment, difficult feeding problems and dental abnormalities also have been mentioned.Further studies disclosed that rubella in the mother during the first trimester of pregnancy is most likely to affect the child. Swan,2 Evans 3 and their Australian colleagues followed Gregg's lead and concluded that congenital defects resulted in 100 per cent of babies born to mothers having rubella in the first two months of pregnancy and 50 per cent of children born to women who had the disease in the third month. Subsequent studies by others have revealed that the chance of an infant's developing such a defect is perhaps not as high as early reports would indicate, although Conte's * recent review of the available data shows a startling correla¬ tion with results in earlier studies. This review includes 134 cases in which maternal rubella was followed by congenital abnormalities. In all but 3 instances rubella appeared in the first trimester of pregnancy. Con¬ genital cataracts, congenital heart disease and mental retardation were the chief defects. Twenty cases of maternal rubella without congenital malformation in the infant are included in Conte's survey ; in 4 rubella struck in the third month and in the remaining 16 cases, after the first trimester. Conte adds 5 cases of maternal rubella from his own files following response to a ques¬ tionnaire ; congenital defects (ocular, cardiac and men¬ tal) resulted in the offspring in all cases. Four of these mothers acquired the disease in the first trimester, and the fifth had it in the seventh month. From another questionnaire sent to the mothers of 120 congenitally malformed children, Conte found that 4.2 per cent gave a history of rubella during pregnancy, a percentage figure ten times the actual case rate of maternal rubella for the childbearing age group in the population at large.To start with the defective child and then to attempt to establish a history of maternal rubella is perhaps to put the cart before the horse. While such studies shed light on the problem and are of some value, they are subject to limitations. Much of the early work was conducted in this manner and is of necessity retrospec¬ tive. The fundamental problem under consideration is not what percentage of congenital defects are the result of rubella but rather what percentage of mothers acquir¬ ing the disease during pregnancy give birth to children with congenital defects.Scant data are available on the percentage of women who had rubella during pregnancy, especially the first trimester, who ...